{"id":869,"date":"2009-10-02T14:21:59","date_gmt":"2009-10-02T18:21:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.law.harvard.edu\/guorui\/?p=869"},"modified":"2009-10-02T14:21:59","modified_gmt":"2009-10-02T18:21:59","slug":"%e5%88%98%e6%98%be%e5%88%9a-%e8%93%a6%e7%84%b6%e5%9b%9e%e9%a6%96%e2%80%94%e2%80%94%e5%8d%8e%e5%8c%97%e4%ba%ba%e6%b0%91%e6%94%bf%e5%ba%9c%e6%b3%95%e5%be%8b%e8%a7%82%e7%9a%84%e6%96%87%e6%9c%ac%e5%88%86","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/guorui\/2009\/10\/02\/%e5%88%98%e6%98%be%e5%88%9a-%e8%93%a6%e7%84%b6%e5%9b%9e%e9%a6%96%e2%80%94%e2%80%94%e5%8d%8e%e5%8c%97%e4%ba%ba%e6%b0%91%e6%94%bf%e5%ba%9c%e6%b3%95%e5%be%8b%e8%a7%82%e7%9a%84%e6%96%87%e6%9c%ac%e5%88%86\/","title":{"rendered":"\u5218\u663e\u521a: \u84e6\u7136\u56de\u9996\u2014\u2014\u534e\u5317\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c2\u7684\u6587\u672c\u5206\u6790"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u84e6\u7136\u56de\u9996\u2014\u2014\u534e\u5317\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c2\u7684\u6587\u672c\u5206\u6790<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u5218\u663e\u521a[\u2460]<\/a> <\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u2014\u2014\u9c81\u8fc5[\u2461]<\/a><\/p>\n

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\u2014\u2014\u5c3c\u91c7[\u2462]<\/a><\/p>\n

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\u2014\u2014\u9a6c\u514b\u601d[\u2463]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u5f15\u3000\u8bba<\/strong><\/p>\n

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1\uff0e <\/strong>\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4ece\u5c5e\u3001\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u7a7a\u95f4<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u534e\u5317\u5f53\u5c40\u660e\u786e\u5ba3\u793a\uff1a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201c\u662f\u5f53\u6743\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\u7528\u4ee5\u4fdd\u62a4\u672c\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u5e76\u7edf\u6cbb\u654c\u5bf9\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u201c\u5f53\u6743\u9636\u7ea7\u81ea\u7136\u8981\u5236\u5b9a\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e00\u8868\u8ff0\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4f7f\u5f97\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u4f7f\u547d\u5f97\u4ee5\u660e\u89c1\uff0c\u4ea6\u5728\u4e00\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u534e\u5317\u5f53\u5c40\u5bf9\u4e8e\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\u4e8c\u8005\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u8bc6\u8ba4\u4e0e\u754c\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u653f \u6cbb\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u662f\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201c\u4ece\u5c5e\u3001\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u201d\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5c31\u4e5f\u4ece\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u6743\u529b\u4fdd\u6709\u8005\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\u2014\u2014\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u662f\u653f\u6743\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u201d\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u3001\u8fd0\u4f5c\u3001\u5236\u5ea6 \u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e0e\u5236\u5ea6\u5b9e\u6548\u90fd\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e8e\u6743\u529b\u4fdd\u6709\u8005\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u3002\u6743\u529b\u4fdd\u6709\u8005\uff08\u5f53\u6743\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\uff09\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9762\u524d\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ea6\u7565\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5728\u534e\u5317\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6743\u529b\u8c31\u7cfb\u4e2d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4ec0 \u4e48\u6837\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u5b9a\u4f4d\u2014\u2014\u5b83\uff08\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\uff09\u663e\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u51c6\u5907\u8d4b\u4e88\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4ee5\u201c\u5f3a\u529b\u4e4b\u79e9\u5e8f\u5de5\u5177\u201d\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u66f4\u591a\u5236\u5ea6\u610f\u6db5\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5e94 \u8be5\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u4ece\u5c5e\u8bba\u201d\u6216\u66f0\u6743\u529b\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c2\u7b26\u5408\u4e00\u822c\u5a01\u6743\u6267\u653f\u5f53\u5c40\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u5b9a\u52bf\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6743\u529b\u4e4b\u4fdd\u6709\u8005\uff0c\u6743\u529b\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e4b\u5b89\u7a33\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5173\u5207\uff0c\u4ea6\u60df\u5176\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5176\u5728\u73b0 \u6709\u6743\u529b\u683c\u5c40\u4e4b\u4e0b\u6240\u6301\u5f97\u4e4b\u8bf8\u9879\u5229\u76ca\u624d\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u4fdd\u969c\u3002\u201c\u5c41\u80a1\u51b3\u5b9a\u8111\u888b\u201d\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u56e0\u800c\u4e5f\u5c31\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u4ece\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e4b\u7406\u6027\u3001\u6743\u5229\u3001\u6b63\u4e49\u89c2\u6216\u8005\u7ea0\u7eb7\u4e4b\u548c\u5e73\u89e3\u51b3\u7a0b\u5f0f\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u5bf9\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8fdb \u884c\u8bba\u8ff0\u4e0e\u754c\u5b9a\uff0c\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4ea6\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8003\u8651\u5728\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0a\u628a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8bbe\u5b9a\u5728\u6743\u529b\u4fdd\u6709\u8005\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u9762\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7f6e\u8eab\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u6743\u529b\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u201c\u5173\u7cfb\u7ed3\u6784\u201d\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u672c\u8eab\u4ea6\u6210\u4e3a\u6743\u529b\u8005\u65bd\u7528\u6743\u529b \u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u4e0e\u8c61\u5f81\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u4f18\u5148\u4e8e\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4ece\u5c5e\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5e38\u8bc6\uff0c\u5b83\u6839\u690d\u4e8e\u5f3a\u529b\uff0c\u4ea6\u662f\u6743\u529b\u4fdd\u6709\u8005\u4e8e\u6743\u529b\u5173\u5207\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u50b2\u6162\u4e0e\u504f\u89c1\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9 \u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u6302\u5e05\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u540e\u679c\u662f\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u65e0\u6cd5\u7ea6\u675f\u653f\u6cbb\u6063\u610f\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u5fc5\u987b\u8d2f\u5f7b\u653f\u6cbb\u610f\u56fe\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u88ab\u201c\u77ee\u5316\u201d\uff0c\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u9762\u524d\uff0c\u5b83\u5f62\u540c\u5a62\u5973\uff0c\u5730\u4f4d\u65e2\u4e0d\u5bf9\u7b49\uff0c\u5c0a\u4e25\u66f4\u65e0 \u4ece\u8c08\u8d77\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9996\u5148\u8981\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u6267\u653f\u8005\u7684\u5173\u5207\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8981\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u2014\u2014\u201c\u901a\u8fc7\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\uff08\u793e\u4f1a\uff09\u63a7\u5236\u201d\u5728\u534e\u5317\u5f53\u5c40\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u903b\u8f91\u4e2d\u662f\u88ab\u7a81 \u51fa\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\u2014\u2014\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u6cdb\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u4e4b\u4e0b\u8c08\u8bba\u6cd5\u6cbb\u6216\u53f8\u6cd5\u4e4b\u4e2d\u7acb\u6216\u8005\u626e\u6f14\u4efb\u4e00\u79cd\u8861\u5e73\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5929\u65b9\u591c\u8c2d\u3002<\/p>\n

2<\/strong>\uff0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u662f\u6597\u4e89\u672f\u4e4b\u4e00\u79cd\uff0c\u5b83\u5e76\u4e0d\u6d88\u706d\u4ec7\u6068\u4e0e\u5bf9\u7acb<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u534e\u5317\u5f53\u5c40\u660e\u793a\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u662f\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u672c\u9636\u7ea7\u5229\u76ca\u548c\u7edf\u6cbb\u654c\u5bf9\u9636\u7ea7\u201d\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5f53\u6743\u9636\u7ea7\u90fd\u5236\u5b9a\u5176\u201c\u9700\u8981\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7ed3 \u5408\u8fd9\u79cd\u8a00\u8f9e\u6240\u5904\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u6027\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u6c14\u5019\u201d\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u4e0d\u96be\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bba\u8c03\u5bf9\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u201d\u548c\u201c\u7edf\u6cbb\u201d\u5982\u6b64\u70ed\u8877\u3002\u5f7c\u65f6\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u4ee5\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u5f53\u5c40\u548c\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u96c6\u56e2\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u4e24\u5927\u653f\u6cbb \u548c\u519b\u4e8b\u52bf\u529b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8f83\u91cf\u6b63\u8d8b\u767d\u70ed\u2014\u2014\u867d\u7136\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u96c6\u56e2\u5176\u65f6\u5df2\u7ecf\u901a\u8fc7\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u80dc\u5229\u800c\u636e\u6709\u4e86\u67d0\u4e9b\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u3002\u201c\u6597\u4e89\u201d\u4f9d\u7136\u662f\u90a3\u4e00\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u7684\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u6b63\u786e\u201d\u3002\u56e0 \u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u8bde\u751f\u7684\u534e\u5317\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u81ea\u7136\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u60f3\u8d62\u6015\u8f93\u201d\u7684\u654c\u6211\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6210\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u4ec6\u5f79\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u81ea\u8eab\u4e5f\u6210\u4e3a\u6597\u4e89\u6743\u672f\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u518d \u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u7406\u6027\u7ea0\u5f39\u7684\u5b9a\u5206\u6b62\u4e89\u8def\u5f84\uff08\u65b9\u6cd5\uff09\u793a\u4eba\uff0c\u5b83\u751a\u81f3\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u5bf9\u7acb\u4e0e\u538b\u5236\u3001\u4ec7\u6068\u4e0e\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6bdb \u6cfd\u4e1c\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u67aa\u6746\u5b50\u91cc\u9762\u51fa\u653f\u6743\u201d\u2014\u2014\u5bf9\u5916\u5728\u5f3a\u529b\u7684\u7a81\u51fa\u9f13\u5439\u4e0e\u654c\u6211\u6597\u4e89\u7684\u663e\u8457\u5f3a\u8c03\u90fd\u4f7f\u5f97\u534e\u5317\u5f53\u5c40\u6b64\u65f6\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8bba\u8ff0\u591a\u5c11\u6709\u4e9b\u201c\u9762\u76ee\u53ef\u6016\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4e0d\u4ec5\u88f9\u631f\u7740\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62 \u6001\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u88f9\u631f\u7740\u201c\u6210\u738b\u8d25\u5bc7\u201d\u7684\u6743\u529b\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u88f9\u631f\u7740\u5145\u6ee1\u201c\u8a00\u8bcd\u66b4\u529b\u201d\u7684\u4ec7\u6068\u60c5\u7eea\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u201c\u6743\u672f\u201d\u8272\u5f69\u88ab\u5f97\u5230\u52a0\u5f3a\uff0c\u5b83\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u5f53\u6743\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\u201d\u7528\u4ee5\u5de9\u56fa\u6743 \u529b\u3001\u538b\u5236\u548c\u6253\u538b\u201c\u654c\u5bf9\u9636\u7ea7\u201d\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bba\u8ff0\u4e0d\u4ec5\u98a0\u8986\u4e86\u4e00\u822c\u4e4b\u4e8e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u548c\u5e73\u7406\u6027\u7684\u60f3\u8c61\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e5f\u98a0\u8986\u4e86\u5176\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u957f\u6cb3\u4e2d\u5f97\u4ee5\u578b\u5851\u3001\u63a8\u5c55\u4e0e\u6f14\u8fdb\u7684\u4e00\u6574\u5957\u7684\u81ea \u4e3b\u903b\u8f91\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u88ab\u6743\u529b\u5f7b\u5e95\u9a6f\u670d\uff0c\u5b83\u5411\u6743\u529b\u4f4e\u5934\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u653f\u6cd5\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u5b89\u7efc\u5408\u6cbb\u7406\u201d\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5efa\u5236\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4ece\u4e1a\u8005\u4e5f\u6210\u4e3a\u4e0e\u519b\u961f\u5efa\u5236\u3001\u5f53\u6743\u8005\u5176\u4ed6\u7684 \u5f3a\u529b\u5355\u4f4d\u76f8\u8f85\u76f8\u6210\u7684\u201c\u6743\u529b\u7981\u536b\u519b\u201d\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4e5f\u65e0\u5fc5\u8981\u5efa\u7acb\u4ec0\u4e48\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5c24\u5176\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u5f3a\u529b\u7684\u81ea\u8eab\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3001\u65e0\u5fc5\u8981\u786e\u7acb\u548c \u5f70\u663e\u5176\u5185\u5728\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n

\u900f\u8fc7\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u5f3a\u529b\u8bba\u8ff0\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u4eba\u7fa4\u88ab\u91cd\u65b0\u7ec4\u5408\uff0c\u88ab\u91cd\u65b0\u201c\u9636\u7ea7\u5316\u201d\u2014\u2014\u201c\u5730\u4e3b\u9636\u7ea7\u3001\u5b98\u50da\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u53ca\u5c0f\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u6709\u6b65\u9aa4\u5730\u88ab\u7981\u6b62\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u88ab\u8fd1\u4e4e\u4e00\u53a2\u60c5\u613f\u5730\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u5de5\u4eba\u548c\u519c\u6c11\u7684\u4e8c\u5143\u7ed3\u6784\u201d <\/strong>[14]<\/a>\u3002\u5f71\u54cd\u6240\u53ca\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4ece\u4e1a\u8005\u4ea6\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u201d\u5185\u90e8\u67d0\u79cd\u5171\u540c\u4e8b\u4e1a\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u539f\u672c\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u7279\u5f81\u53cd\u800c\u4e0d\u518d\u88ab\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8fd8\u53d7\u5230\u67d0\u79cd\u538b\u5236\uff0c\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0d\u4ec5\u672a\u80fd\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u57f9\u517b\u8d77\u804c\u4e1a\u5316\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9636\u5c42\uff08\u5982\u6cd5\u5b98\u3001\u5f8b\u5e08\u7b49\uff09\u201d[15]<\/a>\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u4ece\u7406\u5ff5\u5230\u5236\u5ea6\u5230\u4eba\u7fa4\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u88ab\u5c42\u5c42\u5305\u88f9\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u7684\u6bcd\u4f53\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u66f4\u5957\u7740\u7d27\u8eab\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u80ce\u8863[16]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e8e \u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u6210\u4e3a\u6743\u529b\u7684\u4ec6\u5f79\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u9769\u547d\u5e74\u4ee3\u5bf9\u654c\u6597\u4e89\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u5f53\u6743\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\u201d\u4e4b\u6597\u4e89\u6743\u672f\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u4ec5\u65e0\u6cd5\u6d88\u5f2d\u4ec7\u6068\u4e0e\u5bf9\u7acb\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u81ea\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4ec7\u6068\u4e0e\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u4e00\u90e8 \u5206\u3002\u5bf9\u534e\u5317\u5f53\u5c40\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u201d\u4e0d\u4f1a\u662f\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4ea6\u65e0\u5173\u4efb\u4f55\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0e\u5efa\u5236\uff0c\u5b83\u6240\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u654c\u6211\u6597\u4e89\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9700\u8981\u662f\u4e2a\u4ec0\u4e48\u2014\u2014\u5f88\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4ee5\u538b \u8feb\u548c\u5236\u88c1\u59ff\u6001\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u654c\u6211\u6597\u4e89\u6743\u672f\u3002<\/p>\n

3<\/strong>\uff0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4ec5\u4ec5\u610f\u5473\u7740\u201c\u6587\u672c\u4e0a\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201d\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7684<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5728 \u534e\u5317\u5f53\u5c40\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4ec5\u4ec5\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u770b\u5f97\u89c1\u6478\u5f97\u7740\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u5b9e\u5b9e\u5728\u5728\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u5668\u7269\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bba\u8ff0\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5b9e\u5728\u6cd5\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u5e94\u7136\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7edd\u5bf9\u800c\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u59ff \u6001\uff0c\u5b83\u751a\u81f3\u6392\u9664\u4e86\u5bf9\u6cd5\u5f8b\u81ea\u8eab\u4e4b\u6743\u5a01\u6027\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u656c\u754f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b9e\u8bc1\u59ff\u6001\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\u6cd5\u5b66\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u4e0e\u5173\u5207\u5f53\u7136\u662f\u5927\u5f02\u5176\u8da3\u7684\u3002\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\u6cd5\u5b66\u867d\u7136\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0e\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u4e8c\u5206\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03 \u6cd5\u5f8b\u4ec5\u4ec5\u610f\u5473\u7740\u201c\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4f53\u7cfb\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u575a\u6301\u7684\u662f\u5efa\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e00\u79cd\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u653f\u6cbb\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4f53\u7cfb\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u6b63\u5f53\u3001\u6743\u5a01\u4e0e\u81ea\u8db3\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u88ab\u4efb\u4e00\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7ed1\u67b6\u3002\u7136\u800c\u534e \u5317\u5f53\u5c40\u7684\u201c\u5b9e\u8bc1\u59ff\u6001\u201d\u5374\u5f3a\u70c8\u5730\u6307\u793a\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53ea\u662f\u4e66\u5199\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u6743\u672f\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\uff0c\u5b83\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u5f3a\u529b\u7684\u4ec6\u5f79\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u6743\u529b\u4fdd\u6709\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5 \u5bf9\u5176\u4f5c\u4efb\u610f\uff08\u6269\u5f20\u6216\u8005\u9650\u7f29\uff09\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6839\u672c\u5c31\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u201c\u89e3\u91ca\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

Harold J.Berman\u5728 \u8bba\u53ca\u5217\u5b81\u4e3b\u4e49\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c2\u65f6\u8bf4\u5230\uff1a\u201c\u5217\u5b81\u4e3b\u4e49\u5c06\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u5176\u903b\u8f91\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a\u5728\u5176\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53ea\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u6240\u8ba2\u5b9a\u7684\u4e00\u5957\u89c4\u5219\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u5176\u6240\u53cd\u6620\u7684\u662f\u4e3b\u6743\u8005\u7684 \u610f\u5fd7\u4e0e\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u5408\u4e4e\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e3b\u6743\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u968f\u65f6\u4f9d\u5176\u610f\u5fd7\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5148\u524d\u6240\u8ba2\u5b9a\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u8fdb\u884c\u4fee\u6539\u4e0e\u5426\u5f03\u3002\u2026\u2026\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5217\u5b81\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6240\u53cd\u6620\u7684\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u7279\u6b8a\u65f6\u70b9\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7684\u56fd \u5bb6\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u5f53\u4e0b\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u2014\u2014\u6b64\u533a\u522b\u4e8e\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u3002\u201d[17]<\/a>\u534e\u5317\u5f53\u5c40\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4f53\u8ba4\u4e0e\u5217\u5b81\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c2\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u5f53\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u81ea\u8eab\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5217\u5b81\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u515a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53f2\u5b9e\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5217\u5b81\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c2\u5373\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c2\uff0c\u5176\u6240\u6307\u6d89\u4e4b\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201d\u4ea6\u4ec5\u53ca\u4e8e\u201c\u7acb\u6cd5\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6761\u6587\u201d[18]<\/a>\uff0c\u4e5f\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u624d\u548c\u6743\u529b\u610f\u5fd7\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u5f3a\u529b\u626f\u4e0a\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e76\u76f4\u63a5\u53d7\u5230\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u64cd\u63a7\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7136 \u800c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6700\u626d\u66f2\u800c\u86ee\u91ce\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u59ff\u6001\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5965\u65af\u4e01\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u662f\u4e3b\u6743\u8005\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\u201d\u7ecf\u5178\u547d\u9898\u7684\u53d8\u6001\u5c55\u5f00\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u65bd\u5bc6\u7279\u4e4b\u653f\u6cbb\u6cd5\u5b66\u7684\u540c\u7406\u60f3\u8c61\uff0c\u5b83\u5176\u5b9e\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e5f \u4e0d\u662f\u2014\u2014\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u5f53\u6743\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\u201d\u63e1\u5728\u624b\u4e2d\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u548c\u7edf\u6cbb\u5229\u5668\uff0c\u662f\u5f53\u6743\u8005\u7684\u201c\u91d1\u7b8d\u68d2\u201d\u3002\u8a00\u5176\u626d\u66f2\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u76f4\u63a5\u9694\u9664\u4e86\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e4b\u5185\u5728\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u7684\u575a \u6301\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0d\u53d7\u5176\u7acb\u6cd5\u7684\u89c4\u5236\uff1b\u8a00\u5176\u86ee\u6a2a\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6743\u529b\u7684\u50b2\u6162\u5df2\u7ecf\u4f7f\u5f97\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u9053\u7406\u53ef\u8bb2\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4efb\u4f55\u7684\u94fa\u9648\u4e0e\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u90fd\u5df2\u591a\u4f59\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5426\u5f03\u201c\u516d\u6cd5\u5168\u4e66\u201d\u2014\u2014\u65b0\u65e7\u4e4b\u4ea4\u7684\u8861\u65ad\uff08\u4e8c\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u534e\u5317\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u201c\u516d\u6cd5\u5168\u4e66\u201d\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u8868\u6001\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u4e24\u5904\u4ee5\u653f\u5e9c\u5f53\u5c40\u7684\u540d\u4e49\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u901a\u62a5\u548c\u8bad\u4ee4\u4e2d\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u201c \u2018\u516d\u6cd5\u5168\u4e66\u2019\u662f\u65e7\u7edf\u6cbb\u9636\u7ea7\u7edf\u6cbb\u4eba\u6c11\u9547\u538b\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u53c8\u7ecf\u848b\u532a\u4fee\u6539\u8865\u5145\u66f4\u89c1\u51f6\u6076\uff0c\u548c\u6211\u4eec\u65b0\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\u53f8\u6cd5\u7cbe\u795e\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u5408\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u5fc5\u987b\u628a\u5b83\u5f7b\u5e95\u6253\u788e\u3001\u7981\u6b62\u63f4\u7528\u3002 \u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e00\u9762\u6267\u884c\u7740\u4fdd\u62a4\u5c01\u5efa\u5730\u4e3b\u548c\u5b98\u50da\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u4e00\u9762\u5374\u68a6\u60f3\u7740\u53bb\u63a8\u7ffb\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0e\u5265\u524a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u4ee5\u6211\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6cd5\u4ee4\u548c\u653f\u7b56\u6765\u9547\u538b\u4e00\u5207\u53cd\u9769\u547d\u5206\u5b50\u4e0e \u7834\u574f\u5206\u5b50\u3002\u201d\uff08\u300a\u901a\u62a5<\/strong>\u300b\uff08\u6cd5\u884c\u5b57\u7b2c\u56db\u53f7\uff0c\u4e00\u4e5d\u56db\u4e5d\u5e74\u521d\uff09[19]<\/a>\uff09<\/p>\n

\u201c\u5179\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u5e9f\u9664\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u7684\u516d\u6cd5\u5168\u4e66\u53ca\u5176\u4e00\u5207\u53cd\u52a8\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u5404\u7ea7\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u5ba1\u5224\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u518d\u63f4\u5f15\u5176\u6761\u6587\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u62a4\u5c01\u5efa\u5730\u4e3b\u3001\u4e70\u529e\u3001\u5b98\u50da\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0e\u9547\u538b\u5e7f\u5927\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u53cd\u6297\uff1b\u4eba\u6c11\u8981\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u5219\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u62a4\u4eba\u6c11\u5927\u4f17\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0e\u9547\u538b\u5c01\u5efa\u5730\u4e3b\u3001\u4e70\u529e\u3001\u5b98\u50da\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u53cd\u6297\u3002\u9636\u7ea7\u5229\u76ca\u65e2\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u76f8\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u8981\u4ee5\u4e3a\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u4e9b\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u4fdd\u62a4\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u6761\u6587\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4e5f\u5c31\u503c\u5f97\u7559\u604b\uff0c\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u7edf\u6cbb\u9636\u7ea7\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u56fd\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4e3a\u7740\u7f13\u548c\u52b3\u52a8\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u53cd\u6297\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u5047\u88c5\u201c\u516c\u6b63\u201d\u63a9\u853d\u5176\u9636\u7ea7\u4e13\u653f\u7684\u5b9e\u8d28\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u8001\u864e\u7684\u7b11\u8138\uff0c\u5176\u7b11\u8138\u662f\u4e3a\u7740\u5403\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u8981\u4ee5\u4e3a\u65b0\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5c1a\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\uff0c\u65e7\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0d\u59a8\u6682\u65f6\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u8fd9\u662f\u9636\u7ea7\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u53cd\u52a8\u7edf\u6cbb\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u662f\u5e7f\u5927\u52b3\u52a8\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u67b7\u9501\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u628a\u8fd9\u67b7\u9501\u6253\u788e\u4e86\uff0c\u67b7\u9501\u7684\u6301\u6709\u8005\u2014\u2014\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u7684\u53cd\u52a8\u653f\u6743\u4e5f\u5373\u5c06\u5b8c\u5168\u6253\u57ae\u4e86\uff0c\u96be\u9053\u6211\u4eec\u53c8\u8981\u4ece\u5730\u4e0a\u62fe\u8d77\u5df2\u6bc1\u7684\u67b7\u9501\uff0c\u6765\u5957\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5934\u4e0a\u5417\uff1f<\/p>\n

\u53cd\u52a8\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u201c\u8749\u8054\u4ea4\u4ee3\u201d\u53ef\u8a00\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8981\u5f7b\u5e95\u5730\u5168\u90e8\u5e9f\u9664\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u53cd\u52a8\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u2026\u2026<\/p>\n

\u65e7\u7684\u5fc5\u987b\u5f7b\u5e95\u7c89\u788e\uff0c\u65b0\u7684\u624d\u80fd\u987a\u5229\u6210\u957f\u3002\u5404\u7ea7\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u2014\u2014\u7279\u522b\u662f\u53f8\u6cd5\u5de5\u4f5c\u8005\u8981\u548c\u5bf9\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u75db\u6068\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u800c\u4ee5\u8511\u89c6\u4e0e\u6279\u8bc4\u6001\u5ea6\u5bf9\u5f85\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u516d\u6cd5\u5168\u4e66\u53ca\u6b27\u7f8e\u65e5\u672c\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e00\u5207\u53cd\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u201d\uff08\u300a\u534e\u5317\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u8bad\u4ee4<\/strong>\u300b\uff08\u6cd5\u884c\u5b57\u7b2c\u516b\u53f7\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u4e09\u5341\u516b\u5e74\u56db\u6708\u4e00\u65e5\uff09[20]<\/a>\uff09<\/p>\n

\u63a5\u7eed\u672c\u7bc7\u524d\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u7406\u8def\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u8003\u8ba2\u8be6\u7565\uff0c\u4e3e\u5176\u5927\u7aef\uff0c\u7565\u5206\u6761\u7f15\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u9769 \u547d\u8005\u4e0e\u88ab\u9769\u547d\u8005\u662f\u6c34\u706b\u4e0d\u5bb9\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9769\u547d\u8005\u5bf9\u5f85\u88ab\u9769\u547d\u8005\u7684\u9020\u7269\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u4ea6\u4f1a\u91c7\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0d\u5bbd\u5bb9\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u81ea\u53e4\u6210\u8005\u738b\u4faf\u8d25\u8005\u5bc7\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u201c\u708e\u51c9\u201d\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u539f\u672c\u4e3a\u4eba\u6027\u4e4b\u5e38\uff0c\u4e0d\u8db3 \u4e3a\u602a\u3002\u4ece\u534e\u5317\u5f53\u5c40\u6240\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u6cd5\u4ee4\u6587\u672c\u770b\uff0c\u5176\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5f7c\u65f6\u5c1a\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u6240\u627f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5408\u6cd5\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u5f53\u5c40\u6240\u8ba2\u5b9a\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4f53\u7cfb\uff08\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u516d\u6cd5\u5168\u4e66\u201d\u8005\uff09\u662f\u6301\u4e00\u79cd\u5168\u76d8\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u6001 \u5ea6\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9 \u79cd\u5168\u9762\u5426\u5f03\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4ec7\u6068\u7684\u60c5\u7eea\u3002\u4e24\u9020\u4e0d\u89c1\u5bb9\u800c\u6709\u6b66\u4e8b\uff0c\u79ef\u6028\u65e2\u4e45\uff0c\u5219\u5fc5\u6b32\u5168\u76d8\u9664\u4e4b\u800c\u540e\u5feb\u3002\u752d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u79cd\u5426\u5f03\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u591a\u5c11\u8bed\u7109\u4e0d\u8be6\u7684\u201c\u5927\u8bcd\u201d\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u591a\u5c11\u53ea\u6709\u7ed3 \u8bba\u6ca1\u6709\u8bba\u8bc1\u7684\u201c\u65ad\u8bed\u201d\uff0c\u88f9\u631f\u4e86\u591a\u5c11\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u504f\u89c1\uff0c\u5b83\u90fd\u9996\u5148\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u7eea\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u4e92\u76f8\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u60c5\u7eea\u3002\u72b9\u987b\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u7eea\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9886\u57df\u5f97\u4ee5\u6063\u610f\u8513\u5ef6\u7684\u80cc\u540e\uff0c\u662f \u4e00\u79cd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0e\u6597\u4e89\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u6839\u672c\u6027\u7acb\u573a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5176 \u6b21\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u4e24\u9020\u4e4b\u51b2\u7a81\u60c5\u52bf\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\uff0c\u6b64\u79cd\u5168\u76d8\u5426\u5f03\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u59ff\u6001\u3002\u5728\u4f60\u6b7b\u6211\u6d3b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6597\u4e89\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c06\u5bf9\u624b\u5996\u9b54\u5316\u662f\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u6587\u5ba3\u653b\u7565\uff0c\u800c\u4e00\u65e6\u201c\u4e11\u964b\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u53cd\u52a8\u201d \u7684\u6807\u7b7e\u8d34\u4e0a\uff0c\u80dc\u5229\u8005\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u662f\u81ea\u6253\u5634\u5df4\u6216\u8005\u672c\u8eab\u5c1a\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u6d6a\u6f2b\u7684\u7406\u6027\u201d\u6216\u201c\u6743\u529b\u7684\u8c26\u5351\u201d\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u662f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u964d\u4f4e\u6597\u4e89\u7684\u59ff\u6001\u7684\u3002\u654c\u65b9\u7684\u9020\u7269\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5728\u5185\uff0c\u90fd\u66fe\u7ecf\u662f \u5c06\u654c\u65b9\u5996\u9b54\u5316\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u6050\u5413\u65e0\u77e5\u7fa4\u76f2\u7684\u53e3\u5b9e\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8981\u80dc\u5229\u8005\u5728\u80dc\u5229\u4e4b\u521d\u5c31\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u7406\u6027\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u5bf9\u5f85\u201c\u65e7\u671d\u6587\u7269\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u5927\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5f53\u8fd9\u79cd\u6597\u4e89\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u8fd8\u5960\u57fa\u4e8e \u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u8f83\u91cf\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u590d \u6b21\uff0c\u201c\u5426\u5f03\u201d\u7684\u59ff\u6001\u867d\u53ef\u6f02\u4eae\u5730\u505a\u51fa\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u5374\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b8c\u5168\u5730\u505a\u5230\u201c\u9694\u819c\u201d\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u5c31\u4e8b\u7269\u4e4b\u672c\u7136\u4e4b\u7406\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c2\u4e0e\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c2\u90fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u73b0\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b \u8ba4\u77e5\uff08\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6e0a\u6e90\u6709\u522b\uff09\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5404\u81ea\u6240\u9760\u62e2\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u9635\u8425\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u754c\u5b9a\u548c\u8bba\u8ff0\u5728\u5b57\u9762\u4e0a\u4ea6\u6709\u6b67\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u5957\u64cd\u4f5c\u6027\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u5374\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u5171\u901a\u7684\u5730 \u65b9\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u770b\u6765\u662f\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u4e3a\u534e\u5317\u5f53\u5c40\u5728\u4e0d\u81ea\u89c9\u4e2d\u52a0\u4ee5\u8ba4\u8bb8\u7684\u9053\u7406\uff08\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u6b63\u5f0f\u627f\u8ba4\uff09\u3002\u5179\u4e3e\u4e8c\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u5728\u300a\u901a\u62a5<\/strong>\u300b\uff08\u6cd5 \u884c\u5b57\u7b2c\u56db\u53f7\uff0c\u4e00\u4e5d\u56db\u4e5d\u5e74\u521d\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u534e\u5317\u5f53\u5c40\u66fe\u7ecf\u9488\u5bf9\u72af\u7f6a\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u53ca\u72af\u7f6a\u8ffd\u8bc9\u7684\u65f6\u6548\u7b49\u4f5c\u51fa\u8bf4\u660e\uff1a\u201c\u51e1\u5371\u5bb3\u65b0\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u53ca\u7531\u56fd\u5bb6\u6240\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u6216\u5371\u5bb3\u4e2a\u4eba\u6743 \u76ca\u81f4\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\u6709\u4e25\u91cd\u5f71\u54cd\u8005\uff0c\u5373\u4e3a\u72af\u7f6a\u201d\u3001\u201c\u72af\u7f6a\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e00\u5b9a\u65f6\u95f4\u540e\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u6b64\u72af\u7f6a\u672a\u4e3a\u8ffd\u8bc9\u53ca\u5ba1\u7406\u4ee5\u540e\u5373\u4e0d\u5f97\u518d\u8ffd\u8bc9\uff0c\u662f\u4e3a\u8ffd\u8bc9\u65f6\u6548\u3002\u5211\u7f5a\u81ea\u5224\u51b3\u786e\u5b9a\u4e4b\u65e5\u8d77\uff0c\u7ecf \u8fc7\u4e00\u5b9a\u65f6\u95f4\u672a\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u5373\u4e0d\u518d\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u662f\u4e3a\u5211\u7f5a\u4e4b\u6267\u884c\u65f6\u6548\u3002\u201d\u5728\u5bf9\u72af\u7f6a\u4f5c\u51fa\u7684\u754c\u5b9a\u4e2d\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u201c\u65b0\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\u662f\u4e2a\u51f8\u73b0\u8eab\u4efd\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u4e3b\u4f53\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u8868\u8fbe\u4e0e\u4e00\u822c\u5b66\u7406\u4e0a \u5173\u4e8e\u72af\u7f6a\u7684\u9648\u8ff0\u5e76\u65e0\u4e8c\u81f4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5728\u5bf9\u72af\u7f6a\u8ffd\u8bc9\u65f6\u6548\u7684\u9648\u8ff0\u4e2d\u8868\u73b0\u5c24\u4e3a\u660e\u663e\u2014\u2014\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u662f\u51fa\u73b0\u4e8e\u534e\u5317\u5f53\u5c40\u7684\u901a\u544a\u4e2d\uff0c\u5176\u8868\u8fbe\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0e\u4e00\u822c\u6b27\u9646\u6cd5\u5b66\u4e4b\u8868\u8fbe\u582a\u4e3a\u7b49\u89c6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201d\u2014\u2014\u65b0\u65e7\u4e4b\u4ea4\u7684\u8861\u65ad\uff08\u4e09\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5728\u4f5c\u51fa\u5bf9\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u5f53\u5c40\u201c\u53cd\u52a8\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201d\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u901a\u76d8\u5426\u5f03\u59ff\u6001\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u534e\u5317\u5f53\u5c40\u4e5f\u7aef\u51fa\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5927\u9910\uff0c\u5e76\u8981\u6c42\u53f8\u6cd5\u4eba\u5458\u4ee5\u4e4b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u53f8\u6cd5\u201d\u7684\u51c6\u636e\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u52a8\u542c\u800c\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\u79f0\u8c13\u2014\u2014\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201d\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u201c\u2026\u2026 \u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5df2\u6709\u4e86\u89e3\u653e\u533a\u4eba\u6c11\u76f8\u5f53\u957f\u671f\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u5df2\u7ecf\u7814\u7a76\u597d\uff0c\u5199\u5728\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u4eba\u6c11\u89e3\u653e\u519b\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u7eb2\u9886\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u6761\u4f8b\u3001\u547d\u4ee4\u3001\u51b3\u8bae\u7b49\u89c4\u5b9a\u91cc\uff1b\u6709\u7684\u6b63\u5728\u521b \u9020\u3002\u5404\u7ea7\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u529e\u6848\uff0c\u6709\u7eb2\u9886\u3001\u6761\u4f8b\u3001\u547d\u4ee4\u3001\u51b3\u8bae\u7b49\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u4ece\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u7167\u65b0\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u529e\u7406\u3002\u5e94\u8be5\u80af\u5b9a\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u6bd4\u4efb\u4f55\u65e7\u65f6\u4ee3\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684 \u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u8981\u6587\u660e\u4e0e\u4e30\u5bcc\uff0c\u53ea\u987b\u52a0\u4ee5\u6574\u7406\uff0c\u5373\u53ef\u81fb\u4e8e\u5b8c\u5907\u3002\u2026\u2026\u7528\u5168\u526f\u7cbe\u795e\u6765\u5b66\u4e60\u9a6c\u5217\u4e3b\u4e49\u2014\u2014\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u89c2\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c2\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u65b0\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u3001\u7eb2\u9886\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u547d \u4ee4\u3001\u6761\u4f8b\u3001\u51b3\u8bae\uff0c\u6765\u641c\u96c6\u4e0e\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u6c11\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u5236\u4f5c\u51fa\u65b0\u7684\u8f83\u5b8c\u5907\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6765\u3002\u201d\uff08\u300a\u534e\u5317\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u8bad\u4ee4<\/strong>\u300b\uff08\u6cd5\u884c\u5b57\u7b2c\u516b\u53f7\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u4e09\u5341\u516b\u5e74\u56db\u6708\u4e00\u65e5\uff09[21]<\/a>\uff09<\/p>\n

\u7531\u5f53\u5c40\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u53ef\u77e5\uff0c\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201d\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u662f\u201c\u89e3\u653e\u533a\u4eba\u6c11\u76f8\u5f53\u957f\u671f\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u7ecf\u9a8c\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u201c\u6709\u7684\u5df2\u7ecf\u7814\u7a76\u597d\uff0c\u5199\u5728\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u4eba\u6c11\u89e3\u653e\u519b\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u7eb2\u9886\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u6761\u4f8b\u3001\u547d\u4ee4\u3001\u51b3\u8bae\u7b49\u89c4\u5b9a\u91cc\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53d1 \u5e03\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u201d\uff0c\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u89e3\u653e\u519b\u201d\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u76f4\u63a5\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u5176\u65f6\u6218\u4e89\u538b\u5012\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6c1b\u56f4\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u6218\u4e89\u76f4\u63a5\u8bc1\u6210\u4e86\u4eba\u6c11\u89e3\u653e\u519b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53d1\u5e03 \u8005\u7684\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u867d\u7136\u786e\u5b9a\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\uff0c\u5219\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u786e\u4ea4\u5f85\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u6a21\u7cca\u7684\u6307\u51fa\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u201c\u5df2\u7ecf\u7814\u7a76\u597d\u201d\u7684\u2014\u2014\u6211\u4eec\u5f53\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u636e\u6b64\u63a8\u5b9a\u53d1\u5e03\u8005\u4e0e \u201c\u7814\u7a76\u201d\u8005\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u4e3b\u4f53\uff0c\u4f46\u8003\u8651\u5230\u201c\u515a\u2014\u653f\u2014\u519b\u201d\u4f53\u5236\u4e4b\u4e0b\u6267\u653f\u515a\u5de8\u7ec6\u65e0\u9057\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u63a8\u5b9a\u663e\u7136\u8fc7\u4e8e\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e0d\u4e25\u8c28\u3002<\/p>\n

\u66f4 \u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201d\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u201c\u5404\u79cd\u7eb2\u9886\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u6761\u4f8b\u3001\u547d\u4ee4\u3001\u51b3\u8bae\u7b49\u89c4\u5b9a\u91cc\u201d\u7684\uff0c\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201d\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u5f62\u6001\u662f\u201c\u5404\u79cd\u7eb2\u9886\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u6761\u4f8b\u3001\u547d \u4ee4\u3001\u51b3\u8bae\u7b49\u89c4\u5b9a\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6709\u4e00\u8be0\u91ca\u5faa\u73af\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201d\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u5f62\u6001\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u6df1\u7a76\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u524d\u540e\u4e24\u4e2a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6240\u6307\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201d\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u6307 \u79f0\uff0c\u6cdb\u6307\u6267\u653f\u5f53\u5c40\u6240\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u5177\u6709\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6548\u529b\u7684\u201c\u89c4\u5b9a\u201d\uff0c\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201d\u5219\u662f\u72ed\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\uff0c\u6307\u4ee5\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201d\u4e3a\u6307\u9648\u7684\u201c\u89c4\u5b9a\u201d\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201d\u6709\u7684\u8fd8\u201c\u6b63\u5728\u521b\u9020\u201d\uff0c\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u597d\uff0c\u4f46\u5373\u4f7f\u6ca1\u6709\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e5f\u7167\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f9d\u636e\u201c\u65b0\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u201d\u2014\u2014\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u5728\u5217\u5b81\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u524d\u5f15Berman\u6559\u6388\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6743\u529b\u610f\u5fd7\u800c\u5df2[22]<\/a>\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6700\u7ec8\u56de\u6eaf\u5230\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6743\u529b\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u5728\u672c\u6587\u7684\u8bed\u5883\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u65b0\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u6307\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u65b0\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u6743\u201d\u7684\u534e\u5317\u5f53\u5c40\u53ca\u5176\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u5f71\u6b66\u8005\u7684\u6743\u529b\u610f\u5fd7\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201d\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u88ab\u5ba3\u79f0\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u540d\u4e49\u201d\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u5305\u88c5\u6267\u653f\u8005\u7684\u6743\u529b\u610f\u5fd7\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6cd5 \u5f8b\u7ecf\u7531\u653f\u7b56\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0e\u5176\u6743\u529b\u610f\u5fd7\u76f4\u63a5\u5bf9\u63a5\uff0c\u6267\u653f\u8005\u4e8e\u662f\u5341\u5206\u4e50\u89c2\u5730\u8868\u8fbe\uff1a\u201c\u5e94\u8be5\u80af\u5b9a\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u6bd4\u4efb\u4f55\u65e7\u65f6\u4ee3\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u8981\u6587\u660e\u4e0e\u4e30\u5bcc\uff0c\u53ea\u987b\u52a0\u4ee5\u6574\u7406\uff0c \u5373\u53ef\u81fb\u4e8e\u5b8c\u5907\u3002\u201d\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u201c\u80af\u5b9a\u201d\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u65e0\u6839\u636e\u7684\u8868\u6001\u4e0e\u5ba3\u793a\uff0c\u5b83\u65e2\u672a\u7ecf\u8fc7\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u8bba\u8bc1\uff0c\u4e5f\u7f3a\u5931\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u7a81\u5140\u5730\u4e0b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65ad\u8bed\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u8fd9 \u4e00\u65ad\u8bed\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u53ea\u662f\u7cfb\u4e8e\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201d\u3002\u5c31\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201d\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u8f83\u4e4b\u201c\u4efb\u4f55\u65e7\u65f6\u4ee3\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201d\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u5b9a\u201c\u8981\u6587\u660e\u4e0e\u4e30\u5bcc\uff0c\u53ea\u987b\u52a0 \u4ee5\u6574\u7406\uff0c\u5373\u53ef\u81fb\u4e8e\u5b8c\u5907\u201d\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u201d\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u53ef\u7f6e\u7591\u7684\u6807\u7b7e\uff0c\u5b83\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6709\u7740\u5f53\u7136\u7684\u8bf4\u670d\u529b\u548c\u6b63\u5f53\u5316\u529f\u7528\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5b83\u53ea\u662f\u4e0e\u201c\u654c\u4eba\u201d\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u6cbb\u6982 \u5ff5[23]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n

\u503c \u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8868\u6001\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u534e\u5317\u5f53\u5c40\u8fd8\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u201c\u5236\u4f5c\u51fa\u65b0\u7684\u8f83\u5b8c\u5907\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201d\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u7528\u5168\u526f\u7cbe\u795e\u6765\u5b66\u4e60\u9a6c\u5217\u4e3b\u4e49\u2014\u2014\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u89c2\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c2\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u65b0\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49 \u7684\u653f\u7b56\u3001\u7eb2\u9886\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u547d\u4ee4\u3001\u6761\u4f8b\u3001\u51b3\u8bae\uff0c\u6765\u641c\u96c6\u4e0e\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u6c11\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u7ecf\u9a8c\u201d\u3002\u8981\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5982\u6b32\u201c\u5236\u4f5c\u51fa\u65b0\u7684\u8f83\u5b8c\u5907\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201d\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u4e24\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9 \u9762\u662f\u201c\u5b66\u4e60\u201d\uff0c\u5b66\u4e60\u201c\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8bba\u8ff0\u4e0e\u653f\u7b56\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u5219\u662f\u5bf9\u201c\u7edf\u6cbb\u7ecf\u9a8c\u201d\u7684\u641c\u96c6\u4e0e\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8df3\u8131\u51fa\u6b64\u5904\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u8bed\u5883\uff0c\u5982\u6b64\u4e24\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u751a\u81f3\u662f \u666e\u9002\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6bcb\u5eb8\u7f6e\u7591\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6587\u672c\u7684\u51fa\u53f0\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u8fd9\u6837\u7406\u8bba\u8d44\u6e90\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\u8d44\u6e90\u4e24\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u52a9\u76ca\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u534e\u5317\u5f53\u5c40\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u5012\u4e0d\u5931\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7136 \u800c\uff0c\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0d\u7cfb\u4e8e\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e8e\u7acb\u573a\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5bf9\u201c\u9a6c\u5217\u4e3b\u4e49\u2014\u2014\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u601d\u60f3\u201d\u7684\u201c\u5168\u526f\u7cbe\u795e\u201d\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u662f\u5fc5\u987b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u201c\u9a6c\u5217\u4e3b\u4e49 \u2014\u2014\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u89c2\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c2\u201d\u6307\u5bfc\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5728\u65b0\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u7b56\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u5236\u9650\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201d\u4ecd\u53ea\u662f\u6743\u529b\u610f\u5fd7\u81ea\u7531\u64cd\u5f04\u7684\u9886\u5730\uff0c\u4ecd\u53ea\u662f\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u94b3\u5236\u4e0b\u7684 \u73a9\u5076\u3002<\/p>\n

\u534e \u5317\u5f53\u5c40\u6cbb\u4e0b\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u867d\u7136\u88ab\u51a0\u4ee5\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u201d\u7684\u540d\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u9996\u5148\u4ece\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e00\u79cd\u5217\u5b81\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u201c\u4ece\u5c5e\u201d\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0e\u6267\u653f\u5f53\u5c40\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u5b8c\u6574\u5bf9\u63a5\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u201c\u653f\u7b56\u3001 \u7eb2\u9886\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u547d\u4ee4\u3001\u6761\u4f8b\u3001\u51b3\u8bae\u201d\u7b49\u591a\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u201c\u6587\u660e\u201d\u4e0e\u5426\u4e0d\u53ef\u77e5\uff0c\u4f46\u786e\u4e4e\u5df2\u7ecf\u662f\u5341\u5206\u201c\u4e30\u5bcc\u201d\u7684\u4e86\u3002\u5982\u679c\u518d\u5c06\u89c6\u7ebf\u62c9\u8fd1\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u5efa\u56fd\u540e\u7684\u76f8\u5f53 \u957f\u65f6\u671f\u5185\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6743\u529b\u4e4b\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e4b\u201c\u4e30\u5bcc\u201d\u7684\u5f85\u9047\u4e00\u76f4\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5145\u5206\u7684\u4fdd\u8bc1\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7ed3\u3000\u8bed<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

\u5728 \u65b0\u65e7\u4e4b\u4ea4\u7684\u5927\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u6839\u636e\u6587\u672c\u5728\u4e09\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u534e\u5317\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c2\uff0c\u5373\u534e\u5317\u5f53\u5c40\u5bf9\u4e8e\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e3a\u4f55\u201d\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u8bae\u8bba\u3001\u5bf9\u4e8e\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u4e4b\u201c\u516d\u6cd5\u5168\u4e66\u201d\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3001\u5bf9 \u5176\u6cbb\u4e0b\u4e4b\u201c\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u201d\u7684\u8ff0\u8bf4\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u6b64\u4e09\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u7f15\u6790\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5728\u54ea\u4e00\u5c42\u7ea7\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5728\u534e\u5317\u5f53\u5c40\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\u90fd\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3a\u5176\u6240\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u6743\u529b\u610f\u5fd7 \u81ea\u7531\u6325\u6d12\u7684\u201c\u540d\u4e49\u201d\u800c\u5df2\u3002\u9020\u6210\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u56fa\u7136\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u4e2d\u56fd\u81ea\u6765\u7f3a\u5c11\u5bf9\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0[24]<\/a>\u7b49\uff0c\u4f46\u5217\u5b81\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u515a\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u5c40\u9650\u548c\u9769\u547d\u6597\u4e89\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u9700\u8981\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6ca6\u843d\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u5f3a\u529b\u6063\u610f\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u975e\u72ec\u6b64\u5904\uff0c\u975e\u72ec\u6b64\u65f6\uff0c\u4f46\u65e2\u7136\u5b83\u66fe\u7ecf\u5728\u6b64\u65f6\u6b64\u5904\u51fa\u73b0\u8fc7\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u4ecd\u7136\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u653f\u7edf\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7684\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u6216\u8bb8\u5c31\u6709\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u8fd4\u56de\u4e0e\u53cd\u601d\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u822c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u9879\u4e4b\u5ba1\u5bdf\uff0c\u662f\u987b\u4e00\u79cd\u5fc5\u8981\u4e4b\u201c\u95f4\u8ddd\u201d\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u672c\u6587\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c2\u5206\u6790\u4ea6\u76f4\u63a5\u6307\u5411\u4e86\u4e00\u6bb5\u201c\u6fc0\u60c5\u71c3\u70e7\u7684\u5c81\u6708\u201d\u7684\u201c\u6fc0\u60c5\u6f14\u51fa\u201d\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u534e\u5317\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u76f8\u53bb\u5e76\u4e0d\u9065\u8fdc\uff0c\u5176\u65f6\u7684\u5883\u51b5\u4e5f\u65f6\u523b\u63d0\u9192\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u5f53\u4e0b\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u906d\u9645\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f53\u9769\u547d\u7684\u706b\u70ac\u7184\u706d\uff0c\u4e16\u4fd7\u7684\u7406\u6027\u590d\u5f52\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\uff0c\u90a3\u8bb8\u591a\u7684\u79bb\u5947\u4e0e\u8352\u8bde\u3001\u6fc0\u60c5\u4e0e\u86ee\u529b\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u9634\u8c0b\u4e0e\u5351\u6c61\uff0c\u90fd\u4f1a\u6e10\u6e10\u7684\u79bb\u6211\u4eec\u800c\u53bb\uff0c\u6e10\u884c\u6e10\u8fdc\uff0c\u7ec8\u81f3\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1\u3002<\/p>\n

\u671f\u5f85\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e00\u5929\u3002<\/p>\n

\u620a\u5b50\u5e74\u4e09\u6708\u521d\u4e94\u65e5\u521d\u7a3f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u4e94\u6708\u5341\u516d\u65e5\u51cc\u6668\u6539\u5b9a\u4e8e\u84df\u95e8\u4e00\u5473\u658b<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1] \u9c81\u8fc5\uff1a\u300a\u4f2a\u81ea\u7531\u4e66\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u6587\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1998\u5e74\u91cd\u5370\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c122\u9875<\/p>\n

[2] \u5c3c\u91c7\uff1a\u300a\u6743\u529b\u610f\u5fd7\u2014\u2014\u91cd\u4f30\u4e00\u5207\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\u300b\uff0c\u5f20\u5ff5\u4e1c\u3001\u51cc\u7d20\u5fc3\u8bd1\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u592e\u7f16\u8bd1\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2005\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c27\u9875<\/p>\n

[3] [\u7f8e]William M. Evan\u4e3b\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u300b\uff0c\u90d1\u54f2\u6c11\u8bd1\uff0c\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u5de8\u6d41\u56fe\u4e66\u516c\u53f8\uff0c1996\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c119\u9875<\/p>\n

[4] \u300a\u534e\u5317\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u6cd5\u4ee4\u9009\u7f16\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5b66\u4f1a\u8463\u5fc5\u6b66\u6cd5\u5b66\u601d\u60f3\u7814\u7a76\u4f1a\uff0c2007\u5e748\u6708\u7f16\uff0c\u7b2c175\u3001176\u3001196\u3001197\u3001715\u9875<\/p>\n

[5] \u4e2d\u592e\u6863\u6848\u9986\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u96cf\u5f62\uff1a\u534e\u5317\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u897f\u82d1\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2000\u5e743\u6708\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c26\u9875<\/p>\n

[6] [\u6cd5]\u53e4\u65af\u5854\u592b\u00b7\u52d2\u5e9e\uff1a\u300a\u4e4c\u5408\u4e4b\u4f17\u2014\u2014\u5927\u4f17\u5fc3\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u51af\u514b\u5229\u8bd1\uff0c\u5e7f\u897f\uff1a\u5e7f\u897f\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2007\u5e749\u6708\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c29\u9875<\/p>\n

[7] \u6731\u52c7\u4e3b\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u751f\u7814\u4e60\u8bba\u6587\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2004\u5e7412\u6708\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c1764-1767\u9875<\/p>\n

[8] \u5f3a\u4e16\u529f\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u5236\u4e0e\u6cbb\u7406\u2014\u2014\u56fd\u5bb6\u8f6c\u578b\u4e2d\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2003\u5e749\u6708\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c124-125\u9875<\/p>\n

[9] \u8212\u56fd\u6ee2\u7b49\u8457\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u95ee\u9898\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2007\u5e7410\u6708\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c8-10\u9875<\/p>\n

[10] Harold J.Berman, The Struggle For Law In Post-Soviet Russia<\/em><\/strong>, from Western Rights? Post-Communist Application<\/em>,<\/strong> edited by Andr\u00e1s Saj\u00f3, 1996 Kluwer Law International,<\/em> pp.41-42.<\/p>\n

[\u2460]<\/a>\u5218\u663e\u521a\uff0c\u7537\uff0c1982\u5e7412\u6708\u751f\uff0c\u5b89\u5fbd\u6dee\u5357\u4eba\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u6cd5\u5b66\u96622006\u7ea7\u6cd5\u7406\u5b66\u7855\u58eb\u7814\u7a76\u751f\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u5411\uff1a\u6cd5\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u6cd5\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u3001\u4e2d\u897f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6587\u5316\u6bd4\u8f83\uff08\u5317\u4eac\uff0c100088\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u672c\u6587\u521d\u7a3f\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\uff0c\u66fe\u5148\u540e\u5c31\u6587\u672c\u4e0e\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u601d\u8def\u5411\u8212\u56fd\u6ee2\u3001\u90d1\u6c38\u6d41\u3001\u90ed\u4e16\u4f51\u3001\u9ec4\u8363\u660c\u3001\u6c6a\u5e86\u534e\u3001\u8427\u701a\u3001\u738b\u590f\u660a\u3001\u5f20\u771f\u7406\u3001\u674e\u5728\u5168\u3001\u4fde\u98de\u3001\u5f20\u56fd\u65fa\u7b49\u5e08\u53cb\u8bf7\u76ca\uff0c\u53d7\u6559\u826f\u591a\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u4e00\u5e76\u81f4\u4e0a\u8c22\u5ff1\uff1b\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u6587\u8d23\u81ea\u8d1f\u3002<\/p>\n

[\u2461]<\/a> \u8282\u81ea\u300a\u201c\u591a\u96be\u4e4b\u6708\u201d\u300b\uff0c\u9c81\u8fc5\uff1a\u300a\u4f2a\u81ea\u7531\u4e66\u300b\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u6587\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e1998\u5e74\u91cd\u5370\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c122\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[\u2462]<\/a> \u5c3c\u91c7\uff1a\u300a\u6743\u529b\u610f\u5fd7\u2014\u2014\u91cd\u4f30\u4e00\u5207\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\u300b\uff0c\u5f20\u5ff5\u4e1c\u3001\u51cc\u7d20\u5fc3\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e2d\u592e\u7f16\u8bd1\u51fa\u7248\u793e2005\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c27\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[\u2463]<\/a> Marx, Zur Kritik der politischen Oekonomie<\/em>, p.XIiii.\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea[\u7f8e]William M. Evan\u4e3b\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u300b\uff0c\u90d1\u54f2\u6c11\u8bd1\uff0c\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u5de8\u6d41\u56fe\u4e66\u516c\u53f81996\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c119\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[\u2464]<\/a> \u8fd9 \u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4f4d\u4e1a\u5df2\u79bb\u4efb\u7684\u4e2d\u5171\u653f\u6cd5\u9ad8\u5b98\u7684\u5fc6\u8ff0\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u663e\u89c1\uff1a\u201c\u534e\u5317\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u662f\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u89e3\u653e\u6218\u4e89\u8fdb\u884c\u5230\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u5e74\u5934\uff0c\u664b\u5bdf\u5180\u8fb9\u533a\u4e0e\u664b\u5180\u9c81\u8c6b\u8fb9\u533a\u5df2\u7ecf \u8fde\u6210\u4e00\u7247\u65f6\u523b\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u8f96\u533a\u968f\u7740\u4eba\u6c11\u89e3\u653e\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u8fc5\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u5305\u62ec\u6cb3\u5317\u3001\u5c71\u897f\u3001\u5e73\u539f\u3001\u7ee5\u8fdc\u3001\u5bdf\u54c8\u5c14\u4e94\u7701\u53ca\u5317\u5e73\u3001\u5929\u6d25\u4e24\u5e02\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u4ece1948\u5e749\u6708\u52301949\u5e7410\u6708\uff0c\u8ba113\u4e2a\u6708\u3002\u201d\u53c2\u300a\u534e\u5317\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u6cd5\u4ee4\u9009\u7f16\u00b7\u4efb\u5efa\u65b0\u5e8f\u8a00\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5b66\u4f1a\u8463\u5fc5\u6b66\u6cd5\u5b66\u601d\u60f3\u7814\u7a76\u4f1a\uff0c2007\u5e748\u6708\u7f16\u3002<\/p>\n

[\u2465]<\/a> \u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4e3e\u63aa\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u53ea\u662f\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5730\u65b9\u6267\u653f\u4ee5\u6765\u8fde\u8d2f\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u52a8\u4f5c\u548c\u8868\u6001\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u7531\u534e\u5317\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u6240\u521b\u5236\u3002\u4f46\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e0e\u6001\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u672c\u6587\u7684\u4ee5\u534e\u5317\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u6240\u516c\u5e03\u4e4b\u6cd5\u4ee4\u4e3a\u201c\u6807\u672c\u201d\u7684\u6587\u672c\u5206\u6790\u5177\u6709\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u8d85\u8d8a\u5076\u7136\u4e0e\u201c\u4e2a\u6848\u201d\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n

[\u2466]<\/a> \u89c1\u300a\u8463\u5fc5\u6b66\u4efb\u534e\u5317\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u5e2d\u671f\u95f4\u4f9d\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u5927\u4e8b\u8bb0\uff1a1948\u5e743\u6708-1949\u5e7410\u6708\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u4e8e\u300a\u534e\u5317\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u6cd5\u4ee4\u9009\u7f16\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5b66\u4f1a\u8463\u5fc5\u6b66\u6cd5\u5b66\u601d\u60f3\u7814\u7a76\u4f1a2007\u5e748\u6708\u7f16\uff0c\u7b2c715\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[\u2467]<\/a> \u300a\u534e\u5317\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u6cd5\u4ee4\u9009\u7f16\u00b7\u4efb\u5efa\u65b0\u5e8f\u8a00\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5b66\u4f1a\u8463\u5fc5\u6b66\u6cd5\u5b66\u601d\u60f3\u7814\u7a76\u4f1a2007\u5e748\u6708\u7f16\u3002<\/p>\n

[\u2468]<\/a> \u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u8003\u5982\u4e0b\u7684\u6587\u5b57\uff1a\u201c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5728\u7ea2\u8272\u533a\u57df\u3001\u6297\u65e5\u6839\u636e\u5730\u548c\u89e3\u653e\u533a\u5efa\u7acb\u9769\u547d\u653f\u6743\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5df2\u670920\u591a \u5e74\uff0c\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u653f\u6743\u5efa\u8bbe\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u7531\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u9886\u5bfc\u9769\u547d\u7fa4\u4f17\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u6cd5\u5236\u4e00\u822c\u90fd\u4e0d\u5065\u5168\uff0c\u800c\u534e\u5317\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u5219\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u5728\u89e3\u653e\u6218\u4e89\u884c \u5c06\u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\u4e3a\u5728\u548c\u5e73\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u505a\u51c6\u5907\u800c\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\u591a\u515a\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e13\u653f\u7684\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5341\u5206\u6ce8\u610f\u5b9e\u884c\u4ee5\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\uff0c\u5341\u5206\u6ce8\u610f\u8fdb\u884c\u6cd5\u5236\u5efa\u8bbe\uff0c \u5728\u5efa\u7acb\u5065\u5168\u6cd5\u89c4\u5236\u5ea6\u65b9\u9762\u505a\u4e86\u6781\u5927\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u5728\u77ed\u77ed\u768413\u4e2a\u6708\u91cc\uff0c\u5c31\u5236\u8ba2\u9881\u884c\u4e86\u51e0\u5341\u4e2a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u6cd5\u89c4\u3001\u6761\u4f8b\u3001 \u529e\u6cd5\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u51e0\u4e4e\u5305\u7f57\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u6587\u5316\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4f7f\u5404\u9879\u5de5\u4f5c\u9010\u6b65\u8d70\u4e0a\u4e86\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7684\u8f68\u9053\uff0c\u66f4\u53ef\u8d35\u7684\u662f\u4e3a\u4e2d\u592e\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u5404\u9879\u5de5\u4f5c\u4ece\u4e00\u5efa\u7acb\u5c31\u6709\u89c4\u53ef \u5faa\uff0c\u6709\u5e8f\u8fd0\u4f5c\u6253\u4e0b\u4e86\u975e\u5e38\u826f\u597d\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u534e\u5317\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u8d21\u732e\u662f\u529f\u4e0d\u53ef\u6ca1\u7684\u3002\u201d\u53c2\u4e2d\u592e\u6863\u6848\u9986\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u96cf\u5f62\uff1a\u534e\u5317\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u300b\uff0c\u897f\u82d1\u51fa\u7248\u793e2000\u5e743\u6708\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c26\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[\u2469]<\/a> \u201c\u65e0\u5fc5\u8981\u201d\uff0c\u4e43\u56e0\u6cd5\u4ee4\u79cd\u7c7b\u7e41\u591a\u3001\u5185\u5bb9\u9a73\u6742\uff0c\u800c\u672c\u6587\u4e4b\u5173\u5207\u4ec5\u5728\u4e00\u6700\u57fa\u7840\u4e4b\u547d\u9898\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c2\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> [\u6cd5]\u53e4\u65af\u5854\u592b\u00b7\u52d2\u5e9e\uff1a\u300a\u4e4c\u5408\u4e4b\u4f17\u2014\u2014\u5927\u4f17\u5fc3\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u51af\u514b\u5229\u8bd1\uff0c\u5e7f\u897f\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2007\u5e749\u6708\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c29\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a>\u300a\u901a\u62a5\u300b\uff08\u6cd5\u884c\u5b57\u7b2c\u56db\u53f7\uff0c\u4e00\u4e5d\u56db\u4e5d\u5e74\u521d\uff09\uff0c\u8f7d\u4e8e\u300a\u534e\u5317\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u6cd5\u4ee4\u9009\u7f16\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5b66\u4f1a\u8463\u5fc5\u6b66\u6cd5\u5b66\u601d\u60f3\u7814\u7a76\u4f1a2007\u5e748\u6708\u7f16\uff0c\u7b2c175-176\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> \u9700\u8981\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u4e4b\u6807\u699c\u201c\u6587\u672c\u5206\u6790\u201d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u610f\u8574\u662f\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u5b57\u53ea\u662f\u201c\u5c31\u534e\u5317\u5f53\u5c40\u8c08\u534e\u5317\u5f53\u5c40\u201d\uff0c\u81f3\u4e8e\u5176\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c2\u4e0e\u4e2d\u5171\u5f7c\u65f6\u4e4b\u4e8e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e4b\u8bba\u8ff0\u4e0e\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u52fe\u8fde\uff0c\u56ff\u4e8e\u8d44\u6599\u3001\u89c6\u9608\u7684\u6709\u9650\u53ca\u76f8\u5173\u5386\u53f2\u8fc7\u7a0b\u53ca\u5176\u80cc\u540e\u4e4b\u201c\u6743\u529b\u5171\u751f\u7ed3\u6784\u201d\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\uff0c\u6b64\u5904\u62df\u6682\u4e0d\u4e88\u6d89\u53ca\u3002<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> \u53c2\u62d9\u6587\uff1a\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e13\u653f\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u601d\u8003\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u6731\u52c7\u4e3b\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u751f\u7814\u4e60\u8bba\u6587\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2004\u5e7412\u6708\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c1764-1767\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a>\u53c2\u5f3a\u4e16\u529f\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u5236\u4e0e\u6cbb\u7406\u2014\u2014\u56fd\u5bb6\u8f6c\u578b\u4e2d\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2003\u5e749\u6708\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c124-125\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> \u6b64\u5904\u201c\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u80ce\u8863\u201d\u7cfb\u501f\u7528\u8212\u56fd\u6ee2\u6559\u6388\u5728\u300a\u6211\u4eec\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u6cd5\u5b66\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9700\u8981\u91cd\u89c6\u65b9\u6cd5\u300b\u4e00\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u3002\u53c2\u8212\u56fd\u6ee2\u7b49\u8457\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u95ee\u9898\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2007\u5e7410\u6708\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c8-10\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> See Harold J.Berman, The Struggle For Law In Post-Soviet Russia<\/em>, from Western Rights? Post-Communist Application<\/em>, edited by Andr\u00e1s Saj\u00f3, 1996 Kluwer Law International<\/em>, pp.41-42. \u76ee\u529b\u6240\u53ca\uff0c\u4e2d\u6587\u4e16\u754c\u91cc\u5173\u4e8e\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c2\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7279\u6027\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5f3a\u4e16\u529f\u5148\u751f\u4ea6\u66fe\u6709\u6240\u8bba\u53ca\uff0c\u53c2\u5f3a\u4e16\u529f\uff1a\u300a\u6cd5\u5236\u4e0e\u6cbb\u7406\u2014\u2014\u56fd\u5bb6\u8f6c\u578b\u4e2d\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2003\u5e749\u6708\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c124-125\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> \u540c\u5f15\u6ce814\u3002<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a>\u300a\u901a\u62a5\u300b\uff08\u6cd5\u884c\u5b57\u7b2c\u56db\u53f7\uff0c\u4e00\u4e5d\u56db\u4e5d\u5e74\u521d\uff09\uff0c\u8f7d\u4e8e\u300a\u534e\u5317\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u6cd5\u4ee4\u9009\u7f16\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5b66\u4f1a\u8463\u5fc5\u6b66\u6cd5\u5b66\u601d\u60f3\u7814\u7a76\u4f1a2007\u5e748\u6708\u7f16\uff0c\u7b2c175-176\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a>\u300a\u534e\u5317\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u8bad\u4ee4\u300b\uff08\u6cd5\u884c\u5b57\u7b2c\u516b\u53f7\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u4e09\u5341\u516b\u5e74\u56db\u6708\u4e00\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u8f7d\u4e8e\u300a\u534e\u5317\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u6cd5\u4ee4\u9009\u7f16\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5b66\u4f1a\u8463\u5fc5\u6b66\u6cd5\u5b66\u601d\u60f3\u7814\u7a76\u4f1a2007\u5e748\u6708\u7f16\uff0c\u7b2c196-197\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a>\u300a\u534e\u5317\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u8bad\u4ee4\u300b\uff08\u6cd5\u884c\u5b57\u7b2c\u516b\u53f7\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u4e09\u5341\u516b\u5e74\u56db\u6708\u4e00\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u8f7d\u4e8e\u300a\u534e\u5317\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u6cd5\u4ee4\u9009\u7f16\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5b66\u4f1a\u8463\u5fc5\u6b66\u6cd5\u5b66\u601d\u60f3\u7814\u7a76\u4f1a2007\u5e748\u6708\u7f16\uff0c\u7b2c196-197\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a> See Harold J.Berman, The Struggle For Law In Post-Soviet Russia<\/em>, from Western Rights? Post-Communist Application<\/em>, edited by Andr\u00e1s Saj\u00f3, 1996 Kluwer Law International<\/em>, pp.41-42.<\/p>\n

[23]<\/a>\u53c2\u62d9\u6587\uff1a\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e13\u653f\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u601d\u8003\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u6731\u52c7\u4e3b\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u751f\u7814\u4e60\u8bba\u6587\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2004\u5e7412\u6708\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c1764-1767\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n

[24]<\/a> \u8fd9\u79cd\u5927\u800c\u5316\u4e4b\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5176\u5b9e\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u4e2d\u56fd\u81ea\u6765\u7f3a\u5c11\u897f\u65b9\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u6cd5\u6cbb\u4f20\u7edf\u5374\u662f\u4e0d\u4e89\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u67d0\u79cd\u653f\u9053\u4e0e\u6cbb\u9053\u4e4b\u672b\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u540e\u9762\uff0c\u662f\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u653f\u7edf\u4e0e\u9053\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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