{"id":820,"date":"2009-09-08T09:37:19","date_gmt":"2009-09-08T13:37:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.law.harvard.edu\/guorui\/?p=820"},"modified":"2017-07-31T02:43:34","modified_gmt":"2017-07-31T06:43:34","slug":"%e7%8b%ac%e9%a2%86%e9%a3%8e%e9%aa%9a%e4%b8%a4%e7%99%be%e5%b9%b4%ef%bc%9a%e8%ae%b0%e5%93%88%e4%bd%9b%e6%b3%95%e5%ad%a6%e9%99%a2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/guorui\/2009\/09\/08\/%e7%8b%ac%e9%a2%86%e9%a3%8e%e9%aa%9a%e4%b8%a4%e7%99%be%e5%b9%b4%ef%bc%9a%e8%ae%b0%e5%93%88%e4%bd%9b%e6%b3%95%e5%ad%a6%e9%99%a2\/","title":{"rendered":"\u72ec\u9886\u98ce\u9a9a\u4e24\u767e\u5e74\uff1a\u8bb0\u54c8\u4f5b\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u72ec\u9886\u98ce\u9a9a\u4e24\u767e\u5e74<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u2014\u2014\u8bb0\u54c8\u4f5b\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u90ed\u9510\u00a0 \uff08\u8f7d\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u62a5\u300b\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u54c8\u4f5b\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u5efa\u7acb\u4e8e1817\u5e74\uff0c\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u6301\u7eed\u63d0\u4f9b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6559\u80b2\u5e74\u4ee3\u6700\u4e45\u7684\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u3002\u5efa\u9662\u6700\u521d\u5341\u5e74\u6050\u6015\u662f\u54c8\u4f5b\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u6700\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u5341\u5e74\uff1a\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5b66\u751f\u4e0d\u4e88\u8ba4\u540c\uff0c\u8fde\u8058\u4efb\u7684\u6559\u6388\u4e5f\u7eb7\u7eb7\u51fa\u8d70\uff0c\u4e00\u5ea6\u4ec5\u5269\u4e00\u540d\u6559\u6388\u82e6\u82e6\u652f\u6491\u30021827\u5e74\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u6821\u53cb\u63d0\u8bae\uff0c\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u51b3\u5b9a\u8058\u4efb\u7ea6\u745f.\u65af\u6258\u91cc\uff08Joseph Story\uff09\u51fa\u4efb\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u9662\u957f\u3002\u8fd9\u4f4d\u5e74\u8f7b\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u5230\u6765\u63d0\u5347\u4e86\u54c8\u4f5b\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u77e5\u540d\u5ea6\u3002\u4ed6\u529b\u4e3b\u54c8\u4f5b\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u8981\u57f9\u517b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7cbe\u82f1\u3001\u5e76\u9f13\u52b1\u5b66\u751f\u6bd5\u4e1a\u540e\u670d\u52a1\u793e\u4f1a\u516c\u4f17\u3002\u4ece\u6b64\uff0c\u54c8\u4f5b\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u5f00\u59cb\u4e86\u5bf9\u7cbe\u82f1\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u516c\u4f17\u7684\u4e0d\u61c8\u8ffd\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u6559\u80b2\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e43\u662f\u51fa\u4e8e\u65af\u6258\u91cc\u9662\u957f\u4e4b\u624b\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e3a\u54c8\u4f5b\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u8d28\u91cf\u5960\u5b9a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u5f53\u5c5e 1870\u5e74\u51fa\u4efb\u9662\u957f\u7684\u5170\u4ee3\u5c14\uff08Christopher C. 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Obama\uff09\u3002\u5965\u5df4\u9a6c1988\u5e74\u5165\u5b66\uff0c\u6bd5\u4e1a\u4e8e1991\u5e74\u3002 \u5728\u5965\u5df4\u9a6c\u8eab\u4e0a\u5b8c\u7f8e\u5730\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u65af\u6258\u91cc\u9662\u957f\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u76ee\u6807\uff1a\u7cbe\u82f1\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u516c\u4f17\u3002 \u5965\u5df4\u9a6c\u7684\u4f18\u79c0\u5728\u6821\u671f\u95f4\u5c31\u5f97\u5230\u627f\u8ba4\u3002\u65f6\u4efb\u5965\u5df4\u9a6c\u5baa\u6cd5\u6559\u6388\u7684\u5374\u4f2f\uff08Laurence H. Tribe\uff09\u5f53\u65f6\u5c31\u79f0\u5965\u5df4\u9a6c\u662f\u4ed6\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u6559\u5b66\u751f\u6daf\u91cc\u770b\u5230\u7684\u6700\u597d\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u3002\u5965\u5df4\u9a6c\u8fd8\u62c5\u4efb\u8fc7\u300a\u54c8\u4f5b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff08\u5173\u4e8e\u300a\u54c8\u4f5b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1\u65b9\u6559\u6388\u6587\uff09\u3002\u6bd5\u4e1a\u540e\uff0c\u5965\u5df4\u9a6c\u6ca1\u6709\u9009\u62e9\u5927\u5f8b\u5e08\u4e8b\u52a1\u6240\u7684\u4f18\u539a\u85aa\u916c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5230\u829d\u52a0\u54e5\u53c2\u4e0e\u793e\u533a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4ece\u6700\u57fa\u5c42\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u516c\u4f17\u91cc\uff0c\u5965\u5df4\u9a6c\u5f97\u4ee5\u4e86\u89e3\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u9009\u62e9\u53bb\u7ade\u9009\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9664\u4e86\u73b0\u4efb\u7f8e\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u5916\uff0c\u54c8\u4f5b\u6821\u53cb\u8fd8\u5360\u636e\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u96629\u4e2a\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5e2d\u4f4d\u4e2d\u76844\u4e2a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5206\u522b\u662f\u80af\u5c3c\u8fea\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\uff08Anthony McLeod Kennedy)\u3001\u7f57\u4f2f\u8328\u9662\u957f\uff08 John G. Roberts \uff09\u3001\u65af\u5361\u91cc\u4e9a\uff08Antonin Scalia\uff09\u548c\u5e03\u83b1\u5c14\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\uff08Stephen Breyer\uff09\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u91d1\u65af\u4f2f\u683c\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\uff08 Ruth Bader Ginsburg \uff09\u7684\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u4e00\u5e74\u7ea7\u4e5f\u5c31\u8bfb\u54c8\u4f5b\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\uff08\u540e\u8f6c\u5b66\u81f3\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\uff09\u3002\u521a\u521a\u8f9e\u804c\u7684\u82cf\u7279\uff08David Souter)\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u662f\u54c8\u4f5b\u6cd5\u5b66\u96621966\u5e74\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\u3002\u5728\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u670914\u4f4d\u54c8\u4f5b\u6821\u53cb\u62c5\u4efb\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u5176\u4ed6\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u4e0d\u80fd\u6bd4\u62df\u7684\u3002\u54c8\u4f5b\u7684\u6d77\u5916\u6821\u53cb\u591a\u62c5\u4efb\u5404\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u3001\u6cd5\u9662\u8981\u804c\u3002\u534e\u4eba\u77e5\u540d\u6821\u53cb\u4e2d\uff0c\u54c8\u4f5b\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u4e2d\u56fd\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\uff081917\uff09\u5f20\u798f\u8fd0\u5148\u751f\u66fe\u4e3b\u6301\u6536\u56de\u4e86\u88ab\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u628a\u6301\u767e\u5e74\u7684\u6d77\u5173\u7ba1\u7406\u6743\uff1b\u53f0\u6e7e\u73b0\u4efb\u603b\u7edf\u9a6c\u82f1\u4e5d\u662f\u54c8\u4f5b\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u6cd5\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\uff08SJD\uff09\u6bd5\u4e1a\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e24\u767e\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u54c8\u4f5b\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u65e0\u8bba\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6559\u80b2\u9886\u57df\u8fd8\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u53ef\u8c13\u72ec\u9886\u98ce\u9a9a\uff0c\u79d8\u8bc0\u4f55\u5728\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u51e0\u5e74\u542c\u8bfe\u3001\u8003\u8bd5\u3001\u5b66\u672f\u4ea4\u6d41\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u5bfb\u627e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u521d\u5230\u54c8\u4f5b\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6700\u8ba9\u6211\u60ca\u5947\u7684\u662f\u54c8\u4f5b\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u6709\u58f0\u6709\u8272\u7684\u8bfe\u5802\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u662f80\u4eba\u7684\u5927\u8bfe\u5802\u8fd8\u662f10\u4eba\u7684\u7814\u8ba8\u73ed\uff0c\u6559\u6388\u90fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u56de\u907f\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u6311\u6218\u6027\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u5baa\u6cd5\u8bfe\u5802\u4e0a\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\u5173\u4e8e\u653f\u5e9c\u7ba1\u5236\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5206\u6743\u5236\u8861\u7b49\u7b49\u5224\u51b3\uff0c\u65e0\u4e00\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002\u6559\u6388\u6709\u65f6\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fa9\u8bba\u3001\u6709\u65f6\u4ee3\u8868\u4e00\u65b9\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u5404\u65b9\u4ece\u6765\u7acb\u573a\u9c9c\u660e\u3001\u5507\u67aa\u820c\u5251\u3001\u4e92\u4e0d\u76f8\u8ba9\u3002\u65f6\u95f4\u957f\u4e86\uff0c\u6211\u53d1\u73b0\u65e2\u7136\u6709\u81ea\u7531\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u8bdd\u9898\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5de6\u53f3\u4e24\u6d3e\u7684\u8bba\u8fa9\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u53c2\u52a0\u8fc7\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u8bfe\u5802\u8ba8\u8bba\u540e\u5c31\u90fd\u8033\u719f\u80fd\u8be6\u3002\u54c8\u4f5b\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u6559\u6388\u4e2d\u95f4\uff0c\u6709\u5404\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3e\u522b\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u66f4\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u5de6\u53f3\u6d3e\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u5267\u70c8\u78b0\u649e\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u5374\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6559\u6388\u4eec\u4e00\u5473\u7528\u653f\u6cbb\u7acb\u573a\u6765\u5904\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6570\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u8457\u540d\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u6559\u6388\u9ad8\u5fb7\u53f2\u5bc6\u65af\uff08Jack Landman Goldsmith\uff09\u83b7\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u6559\u6388\u652f\u6301\u800c\u5f97\u5230\u54c8\u4f5b\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u8058\u4efb\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4f8b\u3002 \u6559\u6388\u56fa\u7136\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u8bba\u662f\u6602\u683c\u5c14\uff08Roberto Unger\uff09\u3001\u80af\u5c3c\u8fea\uff08Duncan Kennedy\uff09\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6279\u5224\u6cd5\u5b66\u5927\u5e08\u3001\u5374\u4f2f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6d3e\u540d\u5c06\u3001\u8fd8\u662f\u9ea6\u514b\u5c3c\u5c14\uff08Michael McConnell\uff09\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u77e5\u540d\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u4e0a\u8bc9\u6cd5\u9662\u6cd5\u5b98\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5728\u8bfe\u5802\u8ba8\u8bba\u6d89\u53ca\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u66f2\u89e3\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u65b9\u7684\u8bba\u8fa9\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5f15\u5bfc\u5b66\u751f\u628a\u95ee\u9898\u5145\u5206\u5c55\u5f00\uff0c\u6446\u51fa\u53cc\u65b9\u6700\u6709\u529b\u7684\u7406\u7531\u6765\u8ba9\u5b66\u751f\u8bc4\u4ef7\u3001\u56de\u5e94\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u65e0\u8bba\u6559\u6388\u8fd8\u662f\u5b66\u751f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u89c2\u70b9\u4e5f\u8bb8\u8fe5\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u90fd\u5728\u54c8\u4f5b\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u8bfe\u5802\u4e0a\u5b9e\u8df5\u7740\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u548c\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u6559\u6388\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u656c\u4e1a\uff1a\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5c38\u4f4d\u7d20\u9910\u4f1a\u62db\u6765\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u6311\u6218\u751a\u81f3\u8ba5\u7b11\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u4e2a\u6559\u6388\u4e0d\u80fd\u5fcd\u53d7\u7684\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6559\u6388\u56e0\u4e3a\u80fd\u5728\u6559\u5b66\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u91cc\u63a2\u8ba8\u81ea\u5df1\u771f\u6b63\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u95ee\u9898\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u957f\u671f\u5185\u5728\u52a8\u529b\u3002\u54c8\u4f5b\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u7684\u4e00\u767e\u591a\u4f4d\u6559\u6388\u4eec\u5f00\u51fa\u4e86\u8fd1300\u95e8\u8bfe\u7a0b\u4f9b\u5b66\u751f\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u4eab\u53d7\u5728\u4e0e\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e2d\u6559\u5b66\u76f8\u957f\u3002\u4ee52009-10\u5e74\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u6559\u6388\u4eec\u65e2\u8bb2\u6388\u5408\u540c\u6cd5\u3001\u8d22\u4ea7\u6cd5\u3001\u4fb5\u6743\u3001\u5211\u6cd5\u3001\u6c11\u4e8b\u8bc9\u8bbc\u6cd5\u7b49\u4f20\u7edf\u79d1\u76ee\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f00\u8bf8\u5982\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0e\u6587\u5b66\u3001\u5e02\u573a\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u79c1\u6cd5\u53d8\u8fc1\u7b49\u66f4\u6709\u4e2a\u4eba\u7279\u8272\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6559\u6388\u7684\u656c\u4e1a\u8fd8\u8868\u73b0\u5728\u5bf9\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u63a2\u7d22\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002 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Kagan\uff0c2009\u5e74\u5378\u4efb\u9662\u957f\uff09\u8bba\u53ca\u8fd9\u6b21\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6539\u9769\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u4e00\u767e\u591a\u5e74\u524d\u54c8\u4f5b\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u9996\u521b\u4e86\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u4e00\u5e74\u7ea7\u6559\u7a0b\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u54c8\u4f5b\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u53c8\u5728\u6cd5\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u6539\u9769\u65b9\u9762\u8fc8\u51fa\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u4e00\u6b65\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u529b\u63a8\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u8bfe\u7a0b\u6539\u9769\u7684\u54c8\u4f5b\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u526f\u9662\u957f\u3001\u6bd4\u8f83\u6cd5\u5b66\u6743\u5a01\u5b89\u5b88\u5ec9\u6559\u6388\uff08William 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