{"id":70,"date":"2007-02-09T00:38:02","date_gmt":"2007-02-09T04:38:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.law.harvard.edu\/guorui\/2007\/02\/09\/%e8%ae%b2%e6%95%85%e4%ba%8b\/"},"modified":"2007-02-09T00:40:57","modified_gmt":"2007-02-09T04:40:57","slug":"%e8%ae%b2%e6%95%85%e4%ba%8b","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/guorui\/2007\/02\/09\/%e8%ae%b2%e6%95%85%e4%ba%8b\/","title":{"rendered":"\u8bb2\u6545\u4e8b"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u8bb2\u6545\u4e8b<\/span><\/p>\n


\n\u6211\u5ff5\u5c0f\u5b66\u7684\u65f6\u5019<\/span>,\u53c2\u52a0\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bb2\u6545\u4e8b\u6bd4\u8d5b<\/span>.
\n“\u6211\u7684\u540c\u5b66\u738b\u5c0f\u6bdb\u7ed9\u6211\u7559\u4e0b<\/span> \u5370\u8c61\u6700\u6df1<\/span>.\u738b\u5c0f\u6bdb\u4e0a\u53f0\u8bb2\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6545\u4e8b<\/span>:<\/p>\n

‘\u4ece\u524d\u6709\u4e2a\u5730\u4e3b<\/span>,\u751f\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u513f\u5b50<\/span>,\u5927\u513f\u5b50\u751f\u6765\u597d\u5403\u61d2\u505a<\/span>,\u5bf9\u7a77\u4eba\u4ece\u6765\u53c8\u6253\u53c8\u9a82<\/span>,\u5c0f\u513f\u5b50\u540c\u60c5\u7a77\u4eba<\/span>.\u5c0f\u513f\u5b50\u7231\u4e0a\u4e86\u7a77\u4eba\u7684\u5973\u513f<\/span>,\u5730\u4e3b\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5a5a\u4e8b<\/span>,\u5c31\u628a\u8d22\u4ea7\u5168\u7559<\/span> \u7ed9\u4e86\u5927\u513f\u5b50<\/span>,\u8d76\u8d70\u4e86\u5c0f\u513f\u5b50<\/span>.\u5927\u513f\u5b50\u4ece\u6b64\u53d8\u672c\u52a0\u5389<\/span>,\u5bf9\u7a77\u4eba\u8d8a\u53d1\u51f6\u6b8b<\/span>.\u5c0f\u513f\u5b50\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u7a77\u4eba<\/span>,\u4e5f\u88ab\u4ed6\u7684\u54e5\u54e5\u6b3a\u8d1f<\/span>.\u540e\u6765\u5c0f\u513f\u5b50\u5bb6\u91cc\u5b9e\u5728\u6ca1\u5403\u7684<\/span>,\u5c31\u53bb\u6c42\u5927\u513f\u5b50\u501f\u7cae\u98df<\/span>, \u5927\u513f\u5b50\u8bf4<\/span>:\u4f60\u8981\u662f\u8d76\u8d70\u4f60\u7684\u7a77\u4eba\u59bb\u5b50<\/span>,\u6211\u5c31\u501f\u7ed9\u4f60\u7cae\u98df<\/span>.\u5c0f\u513f\u5b50\u60f3<\/span>,\u6ca1\u6709\u7cae\u98df<\/span>,\u4e24\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u5f97\u997f\u6b7b<\/span>.\u5c31\u628a\u59bb\u5b50\u8d76\u8d70\u4e86<\/span>.\u5927\u513f\u5b50\u53cd\u6094<\/span>,\u7cae\u98df\u4e5f\u4e0d\u501f\u4e86<\/span>.\u5c0f\u513f\u5b50\u548c\u4ed6\u539f\u6765\u7684<\/span> \u59bb\u5b50\u5c31\u90fd\u997f\u6b7b\u4e86<\/span>.’
\n\u5927\u5bb6\u77aa\u7740\u773c\u775b\u7b49\u4e0b\u6587<\/span>,\u738b\u5c0f\u6bdb\u8bf4<\/span>:’\u6545\u4e8b\u8bb2\u5b8c\u4e86<\/span>‘.\u8001\u5e08\u8bf4<\/span>:’\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u4f60\u6ca1\u6709\u770b\u5b8c\u4e66<\/span>,\u6545\u4e8b\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u5b8c<\/span>.”\u738b\u5c0f\u6bdb\u80af\u5b9a\u5730\u8bf4<\/span>:”\u6545\u4e8b\u5c31\u5230\u8fd9\u91cc<\/span>.’
\n\u8001\u5e08\u5f88\u60cb\u60dc\u5730\u8bf4<\/span>:’\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b69\u5b50\u771f\u4e0d\u8bda\u5b9e<\/span>,\u660e\u660e\u6ca1\u6709\u8bb2\u5b8c\u6545\u4e8b<\/span>,\u8fd8\u4e00\u5b9a\u8bf4\u8bb2\u5b8c\u4e86<\/span>.\u738b\u5c0f\u6bdb\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u8bda\u5b9e\u5c0f\u7ea2\u82b1\u5f97\u4e0d\u5230\u4e86<\/span>, \u4f60\u4eec\u5c0f\u7ec4\u5f97\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e5f\u6ca1\u5e0c\u671b\u4e86<\/span>.’
\n\u6211\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u8bb2\u5b8c\u4e86<\/span>.”<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

———————————————————————————–<\/p>\n

\u8bb2\u6545\u4e8b\u7684\u4eba\u8bf4<\/p>\n

1. \u8bb2\u6545\u4e8b\u7684\u7528\u610f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e00<\/span>,\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6545\u4e8b<\/span>,\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u662f\u7bc7\u5c0f\u8bf4<\/span>,\u6211\u5199<\/span>,\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u672c\u8eab\u5f88\u6709\u8da3<\/span>(\u6709\u8da3\u5417<\/span>,\u6211\u7684\u8bfb\u8005\u4eec<\/span>): \u6211\u7684\u6545\u4e8b<\/span>, \u5185\u5bb9\u662f\u6211\u7684\u540c\u5b66\u738b\u5c0f\u6bdb\u8bb2\u6545\u4e8b<\/span>,\u4ee5\u53ca\u522b\u4eba\u5bf9\u5b83\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u7684\u53cd\u5e94<\/span>;<\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c<\/span>, \u4e5f\u8bb8\u738b\u5c0f\u6bdb\u7684\u906d\u9047<\/span>,\u6709\u70b9\u503c\u5f97\u601d\u8003\u7684\u5730\u65b9<\/span>, \u4f8b\u5982<\/span>: \u738b\u5c0f\u6bdb\u4e5f\u8bb8\u5f88\u8bda\u5b9e<\/span>,\u53ef\u60dc\u8001\u5e08\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1<\/span>,\u800c\u8001\u5e08\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u53c8\u662f\u6709\u9053\u7406\u7684<\/span>—\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u901a\u5e38\u6709\u4e2a\u597d\u4eba\u597d\u62a5\u7684\u7ed3\u5c40<\/span>; \u597d\u4eba\u597d\u62a5\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u56fa\u7136\u8001\u5957\u4e14\u5e38\u5e38\u4e0e\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0d\u7b26<\/span>,\u4eba\u4eec\u5374\u66f4\u559c\u6b22\u542c<\/span>;\u4e00\u4e2a\u597d\u4eba\u6ca1\u6709\u597d\u62a5\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u56fa\u7136\u65b0\u9896\u4e14\u66f4\u6709\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4f9d\u636e<\/span>, \u4eba\u4eec\u5374\u4e0d\u559c\u6b22\u542c<\/span>;\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b69\u5b50\u8bb2\u4e86\u4e00\u534a\u597d\u4eba\u597d\u62a5\u7684\u6545\u4e8b<\/span>,\u5374\u8bf4\u8bb2\u5b8c\u4e86<\/span>, \u8fd9\u662f\u6492\u8c0e<\/span>; \u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b69\u5b50\u6492\u8c0e<\/span>, \u8981\u597d\u8fc7\u4ed6\u8bda\u5b9e\u5730\u8bb2\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u597d\u4eba\u6ca1\u6709\u597d\u62a5\u7684\u6545\u4e8b<\/span>; \u5b69\u5b50\u8bb2\u597d\u4eba\u6ca1\u6709\u597d\u62a5\u7684\u6545\u4e8b<\/span>, \u8fd9\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6781\u4e3a\u53ef\u6015\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5<\/span>,\u6240\u4ee5\u8001\u5e08\u4e0d\u613f\u610f\u76f8\u4fe1<\/span>; \u6240\u4ee5\u8001\u5e08\u6253\u5fc3\u773c\u91cc\u76f8\u4fe1<\/span>,\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b69\u5b50\u8bf4<\/span>‘\u6545\u4e8b\u8bb2\u5b8c\u4e86<\/span>‘\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u6492\u4e86\u8c0e<\/span>,\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u8bf4\u8bda\u5b9e\u8bdd<\/span>.<\/p>\n

2. \u5ffd\u60a0<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4ece\u73b0\u5728\u5f00\u59cb<\/span>,\u6211\u8981\u5957\u4e00\u4e9b\u540e\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6765\u5ffd\u60a0\u5927\u5bb6\u4e86<\/span>:<\/p>\n

\u540e\u73b0\u4ee3\u7406\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a<\/span>,\u771f\u7406\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u662f\u88ab\u8499\u853d\u7684<\/span>;\u8499\u853d\u771f\u7406\u7684<\/span>,\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eec\u5e7f\u4e3a\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u5b8f\u5927\u53d9\u4e8b<\/span>,\u4f8b\u5982\u4eba\u7c7b\u6c38\u65e0\u6b62\u5883\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65<\/span>,\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u6216\u8005\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u80fd\u89e3\u6551\u4eba\u7c7b\u8131\u79bb\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u82e6\u6d77<\/span>. \u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b8f\u5927\u53d9\u4e8b<\/span>,\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u4e5f\u88ab\u6d41\u884c\u5730\u79f0\u4e3a<\/span>“\u8bdd\u8bed<\/span>“, \u628a\u4eba\u4eec\u9694\u7edd\u5728\u8fdc\u79bb\u771f\u7406\u7684\u5730\u65b9<\/span>. \u800c\u5f53\u4eba\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bdd\u8bed\u7684\u6b3a\u9a97\u6027\u7684\u65f6\u5019<\/span>,\u5c31\u662f\u63a5\u8fd1\u771f\u7406\u7684\u5f00\u59cb<\/span>—\u5f53\u7136<\/span>,\u53d1\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bdd\u8bed\u7684\u6b3a\u9a97\u662f\u6781\u4e3a\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b<\/span>,\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bdd\u8bed\u65e9\u5728\u4f60\u5f00\u59cb\u5b66\u8bb2\u8bdd\u4e4b\u524d\u5c31\u5b58\u5728<\/span>,\u4f60\u8bf4\u8bdd\u601d\u8003\u65e0\u4e00\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u5b83\u4eec\u5f71\u54cd\u751a\u81f3\u51b3\u5b9a<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u540e\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u7406\u8bba\u5c42\u9762<\/span>,\u800c\u662f\u4eba\u4eba\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u7684<\/span>.\u5229\u5965\u5854\u8bf4<\/span>,\u540e\u73b0\u4ee3\u662f\u4e00\u79cd<\/span>“\u72b6\u6001<\/span>“(mood),\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0e\u751f\u6d3b\u65e0\u5173\u7684\u9ad8\u6df1\u7406\u8bba<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u5728\u4eba\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u611f\u53d7\u7684\u5c42\u9762<\/span>,\u6709\u4e9b\u8bdd\u8bed\u7edf\u6cbb\u6211\u4eec\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u7684\u9690\u853d\u548c\u5de9\u56fa<\/span>,\u4ee5\u81f4\u6211\u4eec\u5e38\u5e38\u53d7\u5230\u8499\u853d\u8fd8\u4e0d\u81ea\u77e5<\/span>.\u738b\u5c0f\u6bdb\u7684\u8001\u5e08\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6545\u610f\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u4ed6\u7684\u6545\u4e8b<\/span>,\u800c\u662f\u771f\u8bda\u7684\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1<\/span>. \u5e0c\u671b\u738b\u5c0f\u6bdb\u81ea\u5df1\u8db3\u591f\u575a\u5b9a<\/span>,\u5426\u5219<\/span>—\u6050\u6015\u5e38\u5e38\u5c31\u8fd9\u6837\u53d1\u751f\u4e86<\/span>—\u738b\u5c0f\u6bdb\u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5f88\u5feb\u76f8\u4fe1\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u8bb2\u5b8c<\/span>,\u5bf9\u8001\u5e08\u6492\u4e86\u8c0e<\/span>.<\/p>\n

3. \u6545\u4e8b\u7684\u5bd3\u610f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5982\u679c\u738b\u5c0f\u6bdb\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u662f\u8bb2\u5b8c\u4e86<\/span>, \u65e0\u7591\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u8352\u8c2c<\/span>. \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6709\u5927\u513f\u5b50\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u574f\u4eba<\/span>, \u4ed6\u4eec\u6b3a\u538b\u597d\u4eba\u5374\u4ea8\u901a\u5174\u65fa<\/span>? \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5c0f\u513f\u5b50\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u597d\u4eba\u5374\u53d7\u82e6<\/span>? \u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u6b63\u4e49\u53ef\u8a00<\/span>? \u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709<\/span>,\u6211\u4eec\u6d3b\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u8fd8\u6709\u76fc\u5934\u5417<\/span>? \u5982\u679c\u6709<\/span>,\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u76fc\u4ec0\u4e48<\/span>?\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u53d8\u6210\u5927\u513f\u5b50\u90a3\u6837\u5417<\/span>? \u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u76fc\u5934<\/span>,\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u7406\u7531\u6d3b\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a<\/span>?<\/p>\n

\u52a0\u7f2a\u8bf4<\/span>,\u81ea\u6740\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u95ee\u9898<\/span>. \u6211\u7684\u89e3\u8bfb<\/span>,\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5f97\u56de\u7b54\u4e0a\u9762\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898<\/span>,\u624d\u6709\u7406\u7531\u7ee7\u7eed\u6d3b\u4e0b\u53bb<\/span>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u8bb2\u6545\u4e8b \u6211\u5ff5\u5c0f\u5b66\u7684\u65f6\u5019,\u53c2\u52a0\u8fc7\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bb2\u6545\u4e8b\u6bd4\u8d5b. “\u6211\u7684\u540c\u5b66\u738b\u5c0f\u6bdb\u7ed9\u6211\u7559\u4e0b \u5370\u8c61\u6700\u6df1.\u738b\u5c0f\u6bdb\u4e0a\u53f0\u8bb2\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6545\u4e8b: ‘\u4ece\u524d\u6709\u4e2a\u5730\u4e3b,\u751f\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u513f\u5b50,\u5927\u513f\u5b50\u751f\u6765\u597d\u5403\u61d2\u505a,\u5bf9\u7a77\u4eba\u4ece\u6765\u53c8\u6253\u53c8\u9a82,\u5c0f\u513f\u5b50\u540c\u60c5\u7a77\u4eba.\u5c0f\u513f\u5b50\u7231\u4e0a\u4e86\u7a77\u4eba\u7684\u5973\u513f,\u5730\u4e3b\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5a5a\u4e8b,\u5c31\u628a\u8d22\u4ea7\u5168\u7559 \u7ed9\u4e86\u5927\u513f\u5b50,\u8d76\u8d70\u4e86\u5c0f\u513f\u5b50.\u5927\u513f\u5b50\u4ece\u6b64\u53d8\u672c\u52a0\u5389,\u5bf9\u7a77\u4eba\u8d8a\u53d1\u51f6\u6b8b.\u5c0f\u513f\u5b50\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u7a77\u4eba,\u4e5f\u88ab\u4ed6\u7684\u54e5\u54e5\u6b3a\u8d1f.\u540e\u6765\u5c0f\u513f\u5b50\u5bb6\u91cc\u5b9e\u5728\u6ca1\u5403\u7684,\u5c31\u53bb\u6c42\u5927\u513f\u5b50\u501f\u7cae\u98df, \u5927\u513f\u5b50\u8bf4:\u4f60\u8981\u662f\u8d76\u8d70\u4f60\u7684\u7a77\u4eba\u59bb\u5b50,\u6211\u5c31\u501f\u7ed9\u4f60\u7cae\u98df.\u5c0f\u513f\u5b50\u60f3,\u6ca1\u6709\u7cae\u98df,\u4e24\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u5f97\u997f\u6b7b.\u5c31\u628a\u59bb\u5b50\u8d76\u8d70\u4e86.\u5927\u513f\u5b50\u53cd\u6094,\u7cae\u98df\u4e5f\u4e0d\u501f\u4e86.\u5c0f\u513f\u5b50\u548c\u4ed6\u539f\u6765\u7684 \u59bb\u5b50\u5c31\u90fd\u997f\u6b7b\u4e86.’ \u5927\u5bb6\u77aa\u7740\u773c\u775b\u7b49\u4e0b\u6587,\u738b\u5c0f\u6bdb\u8bf4:’\u6545\u4e8b\u8bb2\u5b8c\u4e86‘.\u8001\u5e08\u8bf4:’\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u4f60\u6ca1\u6709\u770b\u5b8c\u4e66,\u6545\u4e8b\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u5b8c.”\u738b\u5c0f\u6bdb\u80af\u5b9a\u5730\u8bf4:”\u6545\u4e8b\u5c31\u5230\u8fd9\u91cc.’ \u8001\u5e08\u5f88\u60cb\u60dc\u5730\u8bf4:’\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b69\u5b50\u771f\u4e0d\u8bda\u5b9e,\u660e\u660e\u6ca1\u6709\u8bb2\u5b8c\u6545\u4e8b,\u8fd8\u4e00\u5b9a\u8bf4\u8bb2\u5b8c\u4e86.\u738b\u5c0f\u6bdb\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u8bda\u5b9e\u5c0f\u7ea2\u82b1\u5f97\u4e0d\u5230\u4e86, \u4f60\u4eec\u5c0f\u7ec4\u5f97\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e5f\u6ca1\u5e0c\u671b\u4e86.’ \u6211\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u8bb2\u5b8c\u4e86.”<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":242,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[359,201,1094,1016],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-70","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-china","category-entertainment","category-joke","category-1016"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/guorui\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/70","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/guorui\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/guorui\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/guorui\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/242"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/guorui\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=70"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/guorui\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/70\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/guorui\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=70"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/guorui\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=70"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/guorui\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=70"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}