{"id":547,"date":"2009-04-01T15:14:17","date_gmt":"2009-04-01T19:14:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.law.harvard.edu\/guorui\/?p=547"},"modified":"2009-04-01T15:15:39","modified_gmt":"2009-04-01T19:15:39","slug":"%e5%be%b7%e5%9b%bd%e5%ae%aa%e6%b3%95%e6%b3%95%e9%99%a2%ef%bc%9a%e4%b8%8d%e7%9f%a5%e5%90%8d%e7%9a%84%e5%b0%8f%e6%b3%95%e5%ae%98%e5%bd%b1%e5%93%8d%e5%85%a8%e7%90%83","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/guorui\/2009\/04\/01\/%e5%be%b7%e5%9b%bd%e5%ae%aa%e6%b3%95%e6%b3%95%e9%99%a2%ef%bc%9a%e4%b8%8d%e7%9f%a5%e5%90%8d%e7%9a%84%e5%b0%8f%e6%b3%95%e5%ae%98%e5%bd%b1%e5%93%8d%e5%85%a8%e7%90%83\/","title":{"rendered":"\u5fb7\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\uff1a\u4e0d\u77e5\u540d\u7684\u5c0f\u6cd5\u5b98\u5f71\u54cd\u5168\u7403"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u5fb7\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\uff1a\u4e0d\u77e5\u540d\u7684\u5c0f\u6cd5\u5b98\u5f71\u54cd\u5168\u7403<\/a><\/h2>\n
from \u300aThe Economist\u300b\u300a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4eba\u300b\u4e2d\u6587\u7248<\/a><\/span> by \u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4eba<\/span><\/div>\n
(from: http:\/\/ecocn.blogbus.com\/logs\/37323836.html)\n<\/div>\n
\n

[2009.3.26] Judgment days \u5ba1\u5224\u7684\u65e5\u5b50<\/h1>\n<\/div>\n

Germany’s Constitutional Court
\n\u5fb7\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Judgment days
\n\u5ba1\u5224\u7684\u65e5\u5b50<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Mar 26th 2009 | KARLSRUHE
\nFrom The Economist print edition
\n<\/span><\/span>
\nThe little-known judges on Germany\u2019s Constitutional Court exert real influence, not only at home but also abroad
\n\u5fb7\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u77e5\u540d\u7684\u6cd5\u5b98\u4eec\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u5b9e\u5b9e\u5728\u5728\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u5728\u56fd\u5185\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u56fd\u5916\u4e5f\u4e00\u6837\uff01<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Illustration by Peter Schrank
\n\"\"<\/p>\n

WHEN the principality of Baden merged with two others to form Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg in 1951, its former capital, Karlsruhe, was given a consolation prize: the Constitutional Court of the new federal republic. Modestly housed in squat blocks, the court is far from the capital, Berlin. Yet the federal government (and the states) are forever grappling with its edicts. Any toughening of police powers to deal with terrorism seems to provoke objections in Karlsruhe. So do lesser matters, such as whether commuters can deduct transport costs from taxes or whether bars can let smokers light up. \u201cThe Constitutional Court is often called the third chamber of the legislature,\u201d notes Dieter Grimm, a former judge. \u201cThere is something in it.\u201d<\/p>\n

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Now the court is to rule on the European Union\u2019s Lisbon treaty, which critics say could put the judges out of business. In February it heard arguments that the treaty would give the EU the attributes of a state without making it democratically accountable, and would sap the court\u2019s powers to protect the fundamental rights of Germans. Yet few court-watchers expect the judges to throw Lisbon out. Germany\u2019s EU membership is enshrined in the constitution; and the court has long-standing partnerships with the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in Luxembourg and the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg.<\/p>\n

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Lisbon would tilt the balance of power a bit toward Luxembourg, but not as far as its opponents fear. Judges on the Constitutional Court will not discuss the case, but its vice-president, Andreas Vosskuhle, notes that Germany has often gained influence through the EU. He is right. Moreover, even as the Constitutional Court has been shaping post-war Germany, German jurisprudence has spread to affect Europe and much of the world.<\/p>\n

\u91cc\u65af\u672c\u6761\u7ea6\u4f1a\u5c06\u6743\u529b\u7684\u5929\u5e73\u5411\u5362\u68ee\u5821\u7a0d\u7a0d\u503e\u659c\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u4e0d\u50cf\u90a3\u4e9b\u53cd\u5bf9\u4eba\u58eb\u62c5\u5fc3\u7684\u90a3\u4e48\u5389\u5bb3\u3002\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u6cd5\u5b98\u4eec\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u526f\u603b\u7edfAndreas Vosskuhle\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5e38\u5e38\u80fd\u5f71\u54cd\u5230\u6574\u4e2a\u6b27\u76df\u3002\u8fd9\u70b9\u662f\u5343\u771f\u4e07\u786e\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\u91cd\u6784\u6218\u540e\u5fb7\u56fd\u65f6\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u53f8\u6cd5\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u6ce2\u53ca\u6b27\u6d32\u751a\u81f3\u6574\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c \u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

The Constitutional Court is in some people\u2019s eyes Germany\u2019s most powerful institution. Almost 80% of Germans trust it; less than half have confidence in the federal government and the Bundestag, the lower house. Although a political player, the court is seen to be above politics. Parties nominate judges, but they are usually approved unanimously by the legislature. Unlike America\u2019s Supreme Court justices, Germany\u2019s seek consensus and seldom write dissenting opinions. Any citizen may bring a constitutional case, an antidote to Nazi notions of justice, and some 6,000 a year do so.<\/p>\n

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The court is revered partly because Germans\u2019 affinity for the rule of law is greater than for democracy, some scholars say. Germany\u2019s \u201cconstitutional patriotism\u201d resembles the American idea of a nation founded on rights and values. But Germans have a different notion of these. American rights\u2014to bear arms and speak freely, for example\u2014are \u201csmall and hard\u201d, argues Georg Nolte, a scholar at Humboldt University in Berlin. Germany\u2019s, by contrast, are \u201cfat and flexible\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u5d07\u9ad8\u5730\u4f4d\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u5bf9\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7684\u4eb2\u5bc6\u8fdc\u80dc\u4e8e\u5979\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u3002\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u5baa\u653f\u70ed\u60c5\u201d\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4ee5\u6743\u5229\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u5efa\u56fd\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u6709\u4e9b\u7c7b \u4f3c\u3002\u4f46\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u5bf9\u6b64\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002\u67cf\u6797\u6d2a\u5821\u5927\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u5b66\u8005Georg Nolte\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u6743\u5229\u2014\u2014\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u643a\u5e26\u6b66\u5668\u548c\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u2014\u2014\u662f\u201c\u5fae\u5c0f\u4e14\u50f5\u786c\u7684\u201d\uff0c\u4e0e\u6b64\u76f8\u5bf9\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u6743\u5229\u5374\u662f\u201c\u4e30\u5bcc\u4e14\u7075\u6d3b\u7684\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

The German constitution, or basic law, which will mark its 60th birthday on May 23rd, is a never-again document. Its
\nfirst article declares that \u201chuman dignity shall be inviolable\u201d. It endows Germany with a weak president and strong state governments. Its freedoms do not extend to those who would destroy freedom, which may explain how Holocaust-denial can be a crime despite freedom of speech.<\/p>\n

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The court has elaborated rights that the constitution\u2019s authors never envisaged. The L\u00fcth decision of 1958 held that constitutional rights affect citizens\u2019 relations not just with the state but also with each other, a judgment so far-reaching as to be termed a \u201cjuridical coup d\u2019\u00e9tat\u201d. The court developed a notion of the \u201cduty to protect\u201d basic rights from threats stemming from private action or social forces. In 1983 the court created a right for individuals to control their personal information. Last year, when considering plans to snoop on the computers of suspected terrorists, it found a right to the \u201cintegrity of information-technology systems\u201d. \u201cGerman society is over-constitutionalised,\u201d observes Donald Kommers, of the University of Notre Dame, in Indiana.<\/p>\n

\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\u8be6\u7ec6\u9610\u660e\u7684\u6709\u4e9b\u6743\u5229\u8fde\u5baa\u6cd5\u5236\u5b9a\u8005\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u60f3\u5230\u30021958\u5e74\u7684\u5415\u7279\u6848\u5224\u51b3\u4e66[4]\u5224\u5b9a\uff0c\u5baa\u6cd5\u6743\u5229\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u516c\u6c11\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5305\u62ec\u516c\u6c11\u95f4\u7684\u6743 \u5229\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5224\u51b3\u5f71\u54cd\u5982\u6b64\u6df1\u8fdc\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4e5f\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u653f\u53d8\u201d\u3002\u6cd5\u9662\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u8d23\u4efb\u201d\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u201c\u4fdd\u62a4\u201d\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u514d\u53d7\u6765\u81ea\u79c1\u4eba\u6216\u8005\u793e\u4f1a\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u3002 1983\u5e74\uff0c\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\u521b\u8bbe\u4e86\u516c\u6c11\u6709\u4fdd\u62a4\u81ea\u5df1\u4e2a\u4eba\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002\u53bb\u5e74\uff0c\u8003\u8651\u5230\u5bf9\u6050\u6016\u4e3b\u4e49\u5acc\u7591\u5206\u5b50\u7535\u8111\u7684\u76d1\u63a7\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\u53c8\u521b\u8bbe\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u201c\u4fe1\u606f\u6280\u672f\u7cfb\u7edf\u5b8c\u6574\u6743 \u201d\u3002\u5370\u7b2c\u5b89\u7eb3\u5dde\u5723\u6bcd\u5927\u5b66\u7684Donald Kommers\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u201c\u5fb7\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5baa\u653f\u8fc7\u5934\u4e86\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

Hans-J\u00fcrgen Papier, the court\u2019s president, thinks its reputation for activism is exaggerated. Since 1951 it has judged laws, or parts of laws, unconstitutional in just 611 cases, a small fraction of the number it has considered. But it happens enough to keep the government busy. Recently, for example, it told the government to reinstate a tax deduction for commuters who live near their jobs, one of a number of tax rulings that is causing the finance minister heartburn. The court did not say that commuting costs must be tax-deductible, only that treating people who live close to work differently from those who live far away was unconstitutional.<\/p>\n

\u800c\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957fHans-J\u00fcrgen Papier\u5374\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u6fc0\u8fdb\u201d\u7684\u540d\u58f0\u5938\u5927\u5176\u5b9e\u3002\u81ea1951\u5e74\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\u5f00\u59cb\u5ba1\u67e5\u6cd5\u5f8b(\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u90e8\u5206\u6cd5\u5f8b)\u65f6\uff0c\u8fdd\u5baa\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53ea\u6709611\u4f8b\uff0c\u53ea\u5360\u63a5\u53d7\u5ba1\u67e5 \u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u5df2\u8db3\u4ee5\u8ba9\u653f\u5e9c\u5fd9\u6d3b\u4e00\u9635\u4e86\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u4e00\u4f8b\uff0c\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\u5c31\u544a\u77e5\u653f\u5e9c\u8981\u6062\u590d\u5bf9\u5c31\u8fd1\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u516c\u4ea4\u4e00\u65cf\u7684\u51cf\u7a0e\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u8ba9\u8d22\u653f\u90e8\u957f\u6781\u5176 \u4e0d\u9002\u7684\u4f17\u591a\u7a0e\u6536\u5224\u51b3\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u610f\u601d\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8bf4\u516c\u4ea4\u8d39\u5c5e\u4e8e\u51cf\u7a0e\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5bf9\u79bb\u5de5\u4f5c\u5730\u70b9\u8fd1\u548c\u79bb\u5de5\u4f5c\u5730\u70b9\u8f83\u8fdc\u7684\u4e0a\u73ed\u65cf\u533a\u522b\u5bf9\u5f85\u8fd9\u4e00\u505a\u6cd5\u8fdd\u5baa\u3002<\/p>\n

Friction has increased over the balance between freedom and security. On rights it deems absolute, the court is implacable. In 2006 it said the air force could not shoot down a plane commandeered by terrorists even to prevent a greater disaster. The court often tells lawmakers to do a better job of balancing means and ends. A decision striking down a state law allowing investigators to monitor suspects\u2019 computers ruled that such powers are permitted only with a judge\u2019s warrant and evidence of a grave crime. That was meant to be a warning to the federal government, which was preparing its own law. Wolfgang Sch\u00e4uble, the interior minister, has occasionally struck back; last year he grumbled that some of the judges\u2019 musings were \u201cnot democratically legitimate\u201d. Mr Papier says that such tensions between the court and the executive are not new.<\/p>\n

\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u95f4\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u5e73\u8861\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u6469\u64e6\u3002\u4f46\u5bf9\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5fc5\u987b\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u662f\u7edd\u4e0d\u59a5\u534f\u7684\u30022006\u5e74\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u5224\u51b3\uff0c\u7a7a\u519b\u4e0d\u5f97\u51fb\u843d\u88ab\u6050\u6016\u5206\u5b50\u52ab \u6301\u7684\u98de\u673a\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u9632\u6b62\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u707e\u96be\u3002\u8be5\u6cd5\u9662\u7ecf\u5e38\u8981\u6c42\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005\u5728\u5e73\u8861\u624b\u6bb5\u548c\u76ee\u7684\u65f6\u505a\u5f97\u66f4\u597d\u4e9b\u3002\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u5bf9\u4e00\u90e8\u5141\u8bb8\u8c03\u67e5\u4eba\u5458\u76d1\u63a7\u5acc\u72af\u7535\u8111\u7684\u5dde\u6cd5\u5ba1\u67e5\u65f6\uff0c\u5224\u51b3 \u8be5\u6cd5\u8fdd\u5baa\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u6743\u529b\u53ea\u6709\u6709\u8bc1\u636e\u8bc1\u660e\u5b58\u5728\u4e25\u91cd\u72af\u7f6a\u4e14\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u59d4\u4efb\u72b6\u65f6\u624d\u80fd\u884c\u4f7f\u3002\u8fd9\u5b9e\u8d28\u662f\u5bf9\u6b63\u5728\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8b66\u544a\u3002\u5185\u653f\u90e8\u957fWolfgang Sch\u00e4uble\u5076\u5c14\u4e5f\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u56de\u51fb\u3002\u53bb\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u62b1\u6028\u8bf4\uff0c\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u8003\u91cf\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0a\u8bb2\u5e76\u4e0d\u5408\u6cd5\u201d\u3002Papier\u5148\u751f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u548c\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u51b2\u7a81\u5df2\u4e0d\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21 \u5566\u3002<\/p>\n

In a world densely populated with rights, every legal act is likely to infringe at least one other. The court uses \u201cproportionality\u201d to decide what can be allowed. The judges subject any infringement to a whole gamut of tests. The answers reveal, for example, where a journalist\u2019s right to free speech ends and a citizen\u2019s right to privacy begins. Possessing a little cannabis is fine, says proportionality, because law enforcement must be balanced against the right to \u201cfree development of personality\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u6743\u5229\u5bc6\u96c6\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u91cc\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u5408\u6cd5\u884c\u4e3a\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u4fb5\u72af\u81f3\u5c11\u4e00\u79cd\u5176\u5b83\u6743\u5229\u3002\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\u5219\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528 \u201c\u5747\u8861\u201d\u539f\u5219\u6765\u5224\u65ad\u4ec0\u4e48\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8ba4\u53ef\u7684\u3002\u6cd5\u5b98\u4eec\u5bf9\u4efb\u4e00\u4fb5\u6743\u884c\u4e3a\u90fd\u5c06\u8fdb\u884c\u5168\u9762\u6d4b\u8bd5\u3002\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u6700\u7ec8\u4f1a\u63ed\u793a\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u4ec0\u4e48\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u8bb0\u8005\u7684\u6743\u5229\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4fb5\u72af\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\uff0c \u6216\u8005\u4ec0\u4e48\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u516c\u6c11\u7684\u6743\u5229\u5c31\u662f\u4fb5\u72af\u4e2a\u4eba\u9690\u79c1\u3002\u5747\u8861\u4e3b\u4e49\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6709\u70b9\u5927\u9ebb\u6ca1\u4e8b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6267\u6cd5\u5fc5\u987b\u548c\u201c\u4e2a\u6027\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u53d1\u5c55\u201d\u6743\u8fdb\u884c\u5e73\u8861\u3002<\/p>\n

Invented by Prussia in the 18th century to limit the Kaiser\u2019s power, proportionality has influenced constitutions from Canada\u2019s to South Africa\u2019s. Mr Nolte calls it \u201cthe prime example of the migration of constitutional ideas\u201d. Even America\u2019s Supreme Court, which employs its own form of rights-balancing, is taking an interest. Justice Stephen Breyer referred to proportionality in a recent opinion on gun control, provoking scholarly excitement.<\/p>\n

18\u4e16\u7eaa\u7531\u666e\u9c81\u58eb\u521b\u9020\u7684\u9650\u5236\u7687\u5e1d\u6743\u529b\u7684\u5747\u8861\u539f\u5219\u5bf9\u8bf8\u591a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u90fd\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u6df1\u8fdc\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u662f\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u8fd8\u662f\u5357\u975e\u3002Nolte\u5148\u751f\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u5baa\u653f\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u7684\u5178\u578b\u4f8b \u8bc1\u201d\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662(\u5373\u4f7f\u5979\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e00\u5957\u6743\u529b\u5e73\u8861\u4f53\u5236)\u5bf9\u6b64\u4e5f\u9887\u6709\u5174\u8da3\u3002Stephen Breyer\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5c31\u5728\u6700\u8fd1\u4e00\u9879\u6709\u5173\u67aa\u652f\u7ba1\u5236\u7684\u5224\u51b3\u4e2d\u63d0\u53ca\u4e86\u5747\u8861\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u6781\u5927\u5174\u8da3\u3002<\/p>\n

In the meshing of the German constitution with European law, proportionality provides a lubricant. Each side is jealous of its prerogatives but eager to avoid confrontation. Since 1974 Karlsruhe has made the transfer of powers to Europe conditional on the protection of Germans\u2019 basic rights; if these are infringed, the court insists, it can reclaim them. The ECJ, meanwhile, acts as the \u201cmotor of European integration\u201d (and on human-rights issues Strasbourg has the last word). Think of an Alexander Calder mobile rather than a pyramid, suggests Renate Jaeger, the German judge on the human-rights court. Occasionally there are conflicts. Strasbourg told the German court that its pro-paparazzi ruling in a case brought by Princess Caroline of Monaco struck the wrong balance between press freedom and privacy. In February the ECJ upheld an EU directive on data collection, using defence of the single market as justification for what looked to Germans like a public-security matter. That raised hackles in Germany.<\/p>\n

\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u548c\u6b27\u76df\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u878d\u5408\u4e2d\uff0c\u5747\u8861\u539f\u5219\u8d77\u5230\u4e86\u6da6\u6ed1\u5242\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5404\u65b9\u90fd\u5bf9\u5bf9\u65b9\u7684\u7279\u6743\u5fc3\u751f\u5ac9\u5992\uff0c\u4f46\u53c8\u5e0c\u671b\u4e0d\u8981\u5f15\u53d1\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u81ea1974\u5e74\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5361\u5c14\u65af\u9c81\u5384\u4ee5\u4fdd \u62a4\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u4e3a\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5c06\u6743\u529b\u90e8\u5206\u8ba9\u6e21\u7ed9\u6b27\u6d32\u3002\u800c\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\u575a\u6301\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u53d7\u5230\u4fb5\u72af\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u5c31\u4f1a\u6536\u56de\u8ba9\u6e21\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u6cd5\u9662\u626e\u6f14\u7740\u201c\u6b27\u6d32 \u6574\u5408\u7684\u53d1\u52a8\u673a\u201d\uff08\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4eba\u6743\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u65af\u7279\u62c9\u65af\u5821\u6709\u6700\u7ec8\u51b3\u5b9a\u6743\uff09\u3002\u4eba\u6743\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u6cd5\u5b98Renate Jaeger\u8868\u793a\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u50cf\u4e9a\u5386\u5c71\u5927\u2022\u8003\u5c14\u5fb7\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u96d5\u5851\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u91d1\u5b57\u5854\u3002\u5076\u5c14\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u6709\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u65af\u7279\u62c9\u65af\u5821\u66fe\u544a\u8beb\u5fb7\u56fd\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c\u5b83\u5728\u67d0\u4e00\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\u4f5c\u51fa\u7684\u652f\u6301\u72d7\u4ed4\u961f\u7684\u5224\u51b3 \u88ab\u6469\u6d1b\u54e5\u5361\u6d1b\u7433\u516c\u4e3b\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u7528\u6765\u5e73\u8861\u8a00\u8bba\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u9690\u79c1\u3002\u4eca\u5e742\u6708\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u6cd5\u9662\u652f\u6301\u4e86\u6b27\u76df\u6536\u96c6\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u6cd5\u4ee4\uff0c\u4ee5\u7ef4\u62a4\u5355\u4e00\u5e02\u573a\u4e3a\u7531\u4e3a\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\u773c\u4e2d\u7684\u516c\u5171\u5b89\u5168\u95ee\u9898\u6b63\u540d\u3002\u4f46 \u8fd9\u7acb\u9a6c\u6fc0\u6012\u4e86\u5fb7\u56fd\u3002<\/p>\n

Lisbon, if ratified, will change things, by giving the European Commission and the ECJ a bigger role in justice and security affairs. Rainer Nickel of the University of Frankfurt foresees a \u201cquantum leap\u201d in the erosion of the Constitutional Court\u2019s powers. But judges are more sanguine. European courts collaborate closely and there is little reason for this to change, whether Lisbon is ratified or not. \u201cIt\u2019s a shared learning process,\u201d Mr Vosskuhle argues.<\/p>\n

\u91cc\u65af\u672c\u6761\u7ea6\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u83b7\u5f97\u6279\u51c6\uff0c\u5c06\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u5f88\u591a\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u6761\u7ea6\u8d4b\u4e88\u6b27\u6d32\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u548c\u6b27\u6d32\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u53f8\u6cd5\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u5927\u5b66\u7684Rainer Nickel\u9884\u6d4b\u8bf4\uff0c\u5bf9\u524a\u5f31\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\u6743\u529b\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u201c\u91cf\u5b50\u8dc3\u8fc1\u201d\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6cd5\u5b98\u4eec\u5374\u66f4\u52a0\u4e50\u89c2\u3002\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u6cd5\u9662\u4e00\u76f4\u90fd\u5408\u4f5c\u5bc6\u5207\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u7406\u7531\u6539\u53d8\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u73b0\u72b6\uff0c\u4e0d \u7ba1\u91cc\u65af\u672c\u6761\u7ea6\u662f\u5426\u901a\u8fc7\u3002\u526f\u603b\u7edfVosskuhle\u5148\u751f\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u201c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u4e92\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

He will become the court\u2019s youngest-ever president when Mr Papier retires next year. Karlsruhe, he thinks, will have its hands full coping with the implications of new technologies such as genetic engineering, with \u201csustainability issues\u201d like demography and climate change and with growing threats to \u201cequal living conditions\u201d across Germany, another constitutional issue. It seems certain that there will be life after Lisbon.<\/p>\n

Papier\u5148\u751f\u660e\u5e74\u5c31\u5c06\u79bb\u4efb\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c06\u662f\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\u6709\u53f2\u4ee5\u6765\u6700\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u4e00\u4f4d\u9662\u957f\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5361\u5c14\u65af\u9c81\u5384\u5c06\u4f1a\u5fd9\u4e8e\u5904\u7406\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u7684\u5185\u6db5\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u751f\u7269\u5de5\u7a0b\uff09\uff0c\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u201c\u53ef\u6301\u7eed \u6027\u95ee\u9898\u201d\uff0c\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u53e6\u4e00\u5baa\u653f\u95ee\u9898\u2014\u2014\u5373\u5bf9\u5168\u5fb7\u7684\u201c\u5e73\u7b49\u751f\u6d3b\u6761\u4ef6\u201d\u7684\u65e5\u89c1\u589e\u957f\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u5a01\u80c1\u3002\u4f3c\u4e4e\u53ef\u4ee5\u80af\u5b9a\uff0c\u540e\u91cc\u65af\u672c\u65f6\u4ee3\u4ecd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u751f\u673a\u52c3\u52c3\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u3002<\/p>\n

Notes\uff1a
\n1\u3001\u5361\u5c14\u65af\u9c81\u5384\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u897f\u5357\u90e8\u57ce\u5e02,\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u5df4\u767b-\u7b26\u817e\u5821\u5dde\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u3002\u5361\u5c14\u65af\u9c81\u5384\u662f\u7ee7\u65af\u56fe\u52a0\u7279\u548c\u66fc\u6d77\u59c6\u7684\u5df4\u767b-\u7b26\u817e\u5821\u5dde\u7b2c\u4e09\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u9762\u79ef\u7ea6173\u5e73\u65b9\u5343\u7c73\u3002\u5361\u5c14 \u65af\u9c81\u5384\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u6240\u5728\u5730\u3002\u5728\u5df4\u767b\u5dde\u4e0e\u7b26\u817e\u5821\u5dde\u5c1a\u672a\u5408\u5e76\u4e3a\u5df4\u767b-\u7b26\u817e\u5821\u5dde\u524d\uff0c\u5361\u5c14\u65af\u9c81\u5384\u66fe\u662f\u5df4\u767b\u5dde\u7684\u9996\u5e9c\u3002
\n2\u3001\u300a\u91cc\u65af\u672c\u6761\u7ea6\u300b(Lisbon Treaty)\u662f\u5728\u539f\u300a\u6b27\u76df\u5baa\u6cd5\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u4fee\u6539\u800c\u6210\uff0c\u53c8\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u7b80\u5316\u7248\u6b27\u76df\u5baa\u6cd5\u6761\u7ea6\u201d\u3002
\n\u4e3a\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6b27\u76df\u6709\u6548\u8fd0\u4f5c\u548c\u63a8\u52a8\u6b27\u6d32\u4e00\u4f53\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u6b27\u76df\u5404\u56fd\u9996\u8111\uff12\uff10\uff10\uff14\u5e74\uff11\uff10\u6708\u5728\u610f\u5927\u5229\u9996\u90fd\u7f57\u9a6c\u7b7e\u7f72\u4e86\u300a\u6b27\u76df\u5baa\u6cd5\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u3002\u6309\u7167\u539f\u5b9a\u8ba1\u5212\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u6b27\u76df\u7684\u9996\u90e8\u5baa\u6cd5\u5c06\u5728 \u6240\u6709\u6210\u5458\u56fd\u6279\u51c6\u540e\uff0c\u4e8e\uff12\uff10\uff10\uff16\u5e74\uff11\uff11\u6708\uff11\u65e5\u6b63\u5f0f\u751f\u6548\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u300a\u6b27\u76df\u5baa\u6cd5\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u5374\u5148\u540e\u906d\u5230\u6cd5\u56fd\u548c\u8377\u5170\u5168\u6c11\u516c\u51b3\u7684\u5426\u51b3\uff0c\u6279\u51c6\u8fdb\u7a0b\u9677\u5165\u50f5\u5c40\u3002\u4e3a\u89e3\u51b3\u6b27\u76df\u5236\u5baa\u5371 \u673a\uff0c\uff12\uff10\uff10\uff17\u5e74\uff16\u6708\uff0c\u6b27\u76df\u9996\u8111\u4f1a\u8bae\u51b3\u5b9a\u4ee5\u4e00\u90e8\u65b0\u6761\u7ea6\u53d6\u4ee3\u5df2\u7ecf\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u300a\u6b27\u76df\u5baa\u6cd5\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u3002\u540c\u5e74\uff11\uff10\u6708\uff11\uff19\u65e5\uff0c\u6b27\u76df\u5404\u56fd\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u5728\u91cc\u65af\u672c\u5c31\u65b0\u6761\u7ea6\u6587\u672c\u8fbe\u6210\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u5e76 \u5c06\u4e4b\u5b9a\u540d\u4e3a\u300a\u91cc\u65af\u672c\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u3002\uff11\uff12\u6708\uff11\uff13\u65e5\uff0c\u6b27\u76df\u5404\u56fd\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u5728\u91cc\u65af\u672c\u6b63\u5f0f\u7b7e\u7f72\u300a\u91cc\u65af\u672c\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u3002
\n\u6839\u636e\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u6761\u7ea6\u7b7e\u7f72\u540e\u4ea4\u7531\u5404\u6210\u5458\u56fd\u6279\u51c6\uff0c\u5728\u83b7\u5404\u56fd\u6279\u51c6\u540e\u4e8e\uff12\uff10\uff10\uff19\u5e74\uff11\u6708\u751f\u6548\u3002\u4e3a\u786e\u4fdd\u6761\u7ea6\u987a\u5229\u901a\u8fc7\uff0c\u6b27\u76df\u51b3\u5b9a\u5404\u6210\u5458\u56fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8bae\u4f1a\u5ba1\u6279\u65b9\u5f0f\u6279\u51c6\u6761\u7ea6\uff0c\u800c\u65e0 \u9700\u4e3e\u884c\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u6761\u7ea6\u906d\u5426\u51b3\u7684\u5168\u6c11\u516c\u51b3\u3002\u6b27\u76df\uff12\uff17\u4e2a\u6210\u5458\u56fd\u4e2d\u4ec5\u6709\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u4e00\u56fd\u91c7\u7528\u5168\u6c11\u516c\u51b3\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u6279\u7ea6\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u6210\u4e3a\u300a\u91cc\u65af\u672c\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u80fd\u5426\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u5173\u952e\u3002 \uff12\uff10\uff10\uff18\u5e74\uff16\u6708\uff11\uff12\u65e5\uff0c\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u5728\u5168\u6c11\u516c\u51b3\u4e2d\u5426\u51b3\u4e86\u300a\u91cc\u65af\u672c\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u4e00\u4f53\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\u518d\u6b21\u9677\u5165\u56f0\u5883\u3002
\n3\u3001\u65af\u7279\u62c9\u65af\u5821\uff08\u6cd5\u8bed\uff1aStrasbourg\uff0c\u5fb7\u8bed\uff1aStra\u00dfburg\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bd1\u4f5c\u53f2\u7279\u62c9\u65af\u5821\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u6cd5\u56fd\u56fd\u571f\u7684\u4e1c\u7aef\uff0c\u4e0e\u5fb7\u56fd\u9694\u83b1\u8335\u6cb3\u76f8\u671b\uff0c\u662f\u6cd5\u56fd\u963f\u5c14\u8428\u65af\u5927\u533a\u548c\u4e0b\u83b1\u8335\u7701\u7684\u9996\u5e9c\u3002\u8be5\u5e02\u4eba\u53e3\u7ea627\u4e07\uff0c\u800c\u6a2a\u8de8\u6cd5\u5fb7\u4e24\u56fd\u7684\u90fd\u4f1a\u533a\uff08\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u6b27\u6d32\u533a\u201d\uff09\u603b\u4eba\u53e3\u8fbe\u523086\u4e07\u591a\u4eba\u3002
\n\u65af\u7279\u62c9\u65af\u5821\u76ee\u524d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6cd5\u56fd\u9886\u571f\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd\u66fe\u591a\u6b21\u4ea4\u66ff\u62e5\u6709\u5bf9\u65af\u7279\u62c9\u65af\u5821\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u8be5\u5e02\u5728\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u6587\u5316\u4e0a\u517c\u6709\u6cd5\u56fd\u548c\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u662f\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4ea4\u6c47\u4e4b\u5730\u3002\u8c37\u767b\u5821\u3001\u52a0\u5c14\u6587\u3001\u6b4c\u5fb7\u3001\u83ab\u624e\u7279\u3001\u5df4\u65af\u5fb7\u7b49\u5fb7\u6cd5\u4e24\u56fd\u540d\u4eba\u90fd\u66fe\u5728\u65af\u7279\u62c9\u65af\u5821\u5c45\u7559\u3002
\n\u65af\u7279\u62c9\u65af\u5821\u867d\u7136\u53ea\u662f\u6cd5\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e03\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u4e0e\u65e5\u5185\u74e6\u3001\u7ebd\u7ea6\u4ee5\u53ca\u8499\u7279\u5229\u5c14\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u662f\u5c11\u6570\u51e0\u4e2a\u5e76\u975e\u4e00\u56fd\u9996\u90fd\uff0c\u5374\u662f\u56fd\u9645\u7ec4\u7ec7\u603b\u90e8\u6240\u5728\u5730\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u3002\u65af\u7279\u62c9\u65af\u5821\u4e0e\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6 \u7684\u9996\u90fd\u5e03\u9c81\u585e\u5c14\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u9a7b\u6709\u6b27\u6d32\u8054\u76df\u8bb8\u591a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6b27\u6d32\u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a\u3001\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u6743\u6cd5\u9662\u3001\u6b27\u76df\u53cd\u8d2a\u5c40\u3001\u6b27\u6d32\u519b\u56e2\uff08Eurocorps\uff09\u3001\u6b27\u6d32\u89c6\u542c\u89c2\u5bdf\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6700\u8457 \u540d\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u8bae\u4f1a\u3002
\n4\u3001\u5fb7\u56fd\u5415\u7279\u6848\u5224\u51b3\u4e66http:\/\/constitutionalism.fyfz.cn\/blog\/constitutionalism\/index.aspx?blogid=329234<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u5fb7\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\uff1a\u4e0d\u77e5\u540d\u7684\u5c0f\u6cd5\u5b98\u5f71\u54cd\u5168\u7403 from \u300aThe Economist\u300b\u300a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4eba\u300b\u4e2d\u6587\u7248 by \u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4eba (from: http:\/\/ecocn.blogbus.com\/logs\/37323836.html) [2009.3.26] Judgment days \u5ba1\u5224\u7684\u65e5\u5b50 Germany’s Constitutional Court \u5fb7\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662 Judgment days \u5ba1\u5224\u7684\u65e5\u5b50 Mar 26th 2009 | KARLSRUHE From The Economist print edition The little-known judges on Germany\u2019s Constitutional Court exert real influence, not … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":242,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1713,1017,82,1016],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-547","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-in-chinese","category-in-english","category-news","category-1016"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/guorui\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/547","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/guorui\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/guorui\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/guorui\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/242"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/guorui\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=547"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/guorui\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/547\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/guorui\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=547"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/guorui\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=547"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/guorui\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=547"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}