{"id":274,"date":"2008-03-03T16:22:19","date_gmt":"2008-03-03T20:22:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.law.harvard.edu\/guorui\/2008\/03\/03\/nie-xin-chinese-paradigm-of-the-judici"},"modified":"2008-03-03T20:50:37","modified_gmt":"2008-03-04T00:50:37","slug":"nie-xin-chinese-paradigm-of-the-judiciary","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/guorui\/2008\/03\/03\/nie-xin-chinese-paradigm-of-the-judiciary\/","title":{"rendered":"Nie Xin: Chinese Paradigm of the Judiciary"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong><span>\u6c11\u56fd\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u2014\u2014\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6700\u9ad8\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u7684\u65b0\u8303\u5f0f<\/span><\/strong><span>* <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span> <span>                                                                   <\/span><\/span><span>\u8042<\/span><span><span>  <\/span><\/span><span>\u946b<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span> <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\"><strong><span><span>\u4e00\u3001<span>    <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><!--[endif]--><strong><span>\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u7531\u6765\u4e0e\u53d8\u8fc1<\/span><\/strong><strong><span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong><span> <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong><span>\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u6e05\u672b\u6c11\u521d\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u592e\u53f8\u6cd5\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u8349\u521b<\/span><\/strong><strong><span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>1902<\/span><span>\u5e74\uff0c\u6e05\u5ef7\u5f00\u59cb\u53d8\u6cd5\u4fee\u5f8b\uff0c\u800c\u53f8\u6cd5\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u5176\u91cd\u70b9\u3002<\/span><span>1906<\/span><span>\u5e74\uff08\u5149\u7eea\u4e09\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\uff09\u6e05\u5ef7\u6539\u9769\u5b98\u5236\uff0c\u4e0b\u53ec\uff1a\u201c\u5211\u90e8\uff0c\u8457\u6539\u4e3a\u6cd5\u90e8\uff0c\u4e13\u4efb\u53f8\u6cd5\uff1b\u5927\u7406\u5bfa\uff0c\u8457\u6539\u4e3a\u5927\u7406\u9662\uff0c\u4e13\u638c\u5ba1\u5224\u3002\u201d<\/span><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span> <a href=\"#_ftn1\" title=\"_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftnref1\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[1]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><span> <\/span><span>\u8fd9\u91cc\u6240\u8c13\u6cd5\u90e8\u6240\u638c\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u201d\u4e4b\u6743\u8a00\u4e4b\u4e0d\u8be6\uff0c\u5e76\u672a\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u533a\u9694\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\u4e0e\u53f8\u6cd5\u5ba1\u5224\u6743\u3002\u76f4\u81f3<\/span><span>1909<\/span><span>\u5e74\uff08\u5ba3\u7edf\u5143\u5e74\uff09<\/span><span>12<\/span><span>\u6708\uff0c\u6e05\u5ef7\u6b63\u5f0f\u9881\u5e03\u300a\u6cd5\u9662\u7f16\u5236\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0b\u8c15\uff1a\u201c\u7acb\u5baa\u653f\u4f53\uff0c\u5fc5\u4f7f\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u5404\u5b98\u6743\u9650\u5206\u660e\u3002\u2026\u2026\u81ea\u6b64\u6b21\u9881\u5e03\u300a\u6cd5\u9662\u7f16\u5236\u6cd5\u300b\u540e\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u53f8\u6cd5\u4e4b\u884c\u653f\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u8457\u6cd5\u90e8\u8ba4\u771f\u7763\u7406\uff0c\u5ba1\u5224\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u8457\u5927\u7406\u9662\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5ba1\u5224\u5404\u8859\u95e8\uff0c\u5404\u6309\u56fd\u5bb6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5ba1\u7406\uff0c\u4ece\u524d\u90e8\u9662\u6743\u9650\u672a\u6e05\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u5373\u8457\u9075\u7167\u6b64\u6b21\u594f\u5b9a\u5404\u8282\uff0c\u5207\u5b9e\u5212\u5206\u3002\u2026\u2026<\/span><span>\u55e3\u540e\u5404\u5ba1\u5224\u8859\u95e8\uff0c\u671d\u5ef7\u65e2\u4e88\u4ee5\u72ec\u7acb\u6267\u6cd5\u4e4b\u6743\uff0c\u884c\u653f\u5404\u5b98\u5373\u4e0d\u51c6\u8fdd\u6cd5\u5e72\u6d89\u3002\u201d<\/span><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span> <a href=\"#_ftn2\" title=\"_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftnref2\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[2]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><span> <\/span><span>\u81f3\u6b64\uff0c\u5ba1\u5224\u6743\u8d70\u5411\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u5ba1\u5224\u6743\u6089\u5f52\u5927\u7406\u9662\uff1b\u6700\u9ad8\u5ba1\u5224\u673a\u5173\uff08\u5927\u7406\u9662\uff09\u4e0e\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u673a\u5173\uff08\u6cd5\u90e8\uff09\u6743\u9650\u4ea6\u4f5c\u4e25\u683c\u533a\u5206\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><!--more--><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u8f9b\u4ea5\u4e4b\u540e\u9881\u5e03\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u6027\u6587\u4ef6\u300a\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u4e34\u65f6\u7ea6\u6cd5\u300b\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u5ba1\u5224\u516c\u5f00\u4e0e\u72ec\u7acb\u539f\u5219\u4ee5\u53ca\u53f8\u6cd5\u5b98\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u8bc9\u8bbc\u5236\u5ea6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e3a\u666e\u901a\u8bc9\u8bbc\u4e0e\u884c\u653f\u8bc9\u8bbc\u5206\u6d41\u7684\u4e8c\u5143\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f46\u5173\u4e8e\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u7f16\u5236\u5219\u4ea4\u7531\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002<\/span><span>1912<\/span><span>\u5e74<\/span><span>3<\/span><span>\u6708\uff0c\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u5c31\u4efb\u4e34\u65f6\u5927\u603b\u7edf\u7684\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u4e0b\u4ee4\u5728\u6c11\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u672a\u7ecf\u8bae\u5b9a\u9881\u5e03\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u6682\u884c\u63f4\u7528\u524d\u6e05\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff08\u4e0e\u6c11\u56fd\u56fd\u4f53\u62b5\u89e6\u8005\u9664\u5916\uff09\uff0c\u524d\u6e05\u4e4b\u300a\u6cd5\u9662\u7f16\u5236\u6cd5\u300b\u4ea6\u88ab\u63f4\u7528\u3002\u5317\u6d0b\u65f6\u671f\u5927\u7406\u9662\u4e3a\u4e2d\u592e\u6700\u9ad8\u5ba1\u5224\u673a\u5173\u5e76\u884c\u4f7f\u7edf\u4e00\u89e3\u91ca\u6cd5\u4ee4\u4e4b\u6743\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u5219\u5f52\u4e8e\u884c\u653f\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u884c\u653f\u8bc9\u8bbc\uff0c\u5219\u4e8e<\/span><span>1914<\/span><span>\u5e74\u9881\u5e03\u300a\u5e73\u653f\u9662\u7f16\u5236\u4ee4\u300b\uff0c\u89c4\u5b9a\u7531\u5e73\u653f\u9662\u638c\u7406\u884c\u653f\u8bc9\u8bbc\uff0c\u5e76\u201c\u5bdf\u7406\u201d\u5b98\u540f\u7ea0\u5f39\u6848\u4ef6\u3002<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn3\" title=\"_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftnref3\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[3]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u4ee3\u653f\u5e9c\u867d\u7136\u4e5f\u6709\u804c\u80fd\u7684\u5206\u5de5\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5c31\u53f8\u6cd5\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5ba1\u5224\u6743\u4e0e\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\u5e76\u672a\u5206\u5f00\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u8bc9\u8bbc\u7c7b\u522b\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\uff08\u6c11\u3001\u5211\u3001\u884c\u653f\u8bc9\u8bbc\uff09\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u505a\u660e\u663e\u7684\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u66f4\u65e0\u5ba1\u5224\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u5728\u665a\u6e05\u897f\u6f6e\u7684\u51b2\u51fb\u4e0b\uff0c\u6e05\u5ef7\u624d\u5c06\u5ba1\u5224\u6743\u4e0e\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\u5206\u5f00\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u8d70\u5411\u5ba1\u5224\u72ec\u7acb\uff1b\u6c11\u56fd\u521d\u5e74\u53c8\u5b9e\u884c\u4e86\u666e\u901a\uff08\u6c11\u3001\u5211\uff09\u8bc9\u8bbc\u4e0e\u884c\u653f\u8bc9\u8bbc\uff08\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u60e9\u6212\uff09\u5206\u6b8a\u7684\u4e8c\u5143\u5ba1\u5224\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8d4b\u4e88\u5927\u7406\u9662\u7edf\u4e00\u89e3\u91ca\u6cd5\u4ee4\u4e4b\u6743\u3002\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u4ece\u521b\u8bbe\u65b0\u578b\u53f8\u6cd5\u5236\u5ea6\u4f0a\u59cb\uff0c\u4fbf\u7a81\u663e\u4e86\u53f8\u6cd5\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u91cd\u5927\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u4e2d\u592e\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\u4e0e\u6700\u9ad8\u5ba1\u5224\u6743\u7684\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u5ba1\u67e5\u6743\uff0c\u4e00\u5143\u6216\u591a\u5143\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u5ba1\u5224\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u672c\u6587\u6240\u8c13\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u7684\u8303\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\uff08\u4fbf\u662f\uff09\u56f4\u7ed5\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u5c55\u5f00\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong><span>\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u5357\u4eac\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u8bad\u653f\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u4f53\u5236<\/span><span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>1<\/span><span>\uff0e<strong>\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u8bbe\u7acb<\/strong><\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>1927<\/span><span>\u5e74\u5357\u4eac\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u6539\u5317\u6d0b\u65f6\u671f\u5927\u7406\u9662\u4e3a\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4e3a\u5168\u56fd\u6c11\u5211\u6848\u4ef6\u7ec8\u5ba1\u673a\u5173\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u884c\u4f7f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89e3\u91ca\u4e4b\u6743\uff0c\u4e3a\u5f53\u65f6\u5168\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u3002\u540c\u65f6\u8bbe\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\uff0c\u638c\u7406\u5168\u56fd\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u3002<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn4\" title=\"_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftnref4\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[4]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> 1928<\/span><span>\u5e74<\/span><span>10<\/span><span>\u6708\uff0c\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b21\u4fee\u6b63\u9881\u5e03\u300a\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn5\" title=\"_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftnref5\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[5]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u6839\u636e\u5b59\u6587\u4e94\u6743\u5baa\u6cd5\u5b66\u8bf4\uff0c\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u8bbe\u7f6e\u884c\u653f\u3001\u7acb\u6cd5\u3001\u53f8\u6cd5\u3001\u8003\u8bd5\u3001\u76d1\u5bdf\u4e94\u9662\u3002\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e3a\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u6700\u9ad8\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\uff0c\u638c\u7406\u53f8\u6cd5\u5ba1\u5224\u3001\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u3001\u5b98\u540f\u60e9\u6212\u53ca\u884c\u653f\u5ba1\u5224\u4e4b\u804c\u6743\u201d\uff0c<\/span><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span> <a href=\"#_ftn6\" title=\"_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftnref6\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[6]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><span> 1928<\/span><span>\u5e74<\/span><span>10<\/span><span>\u6708\uff0c\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u516c\u5e03\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u53c8\u4e8e\u540c\u5e74<\/span><span>11<\/span><span>\u6708\u4fee\u6b63\u516c\u5e03\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u9042\u544a\u6210\u7acb\u3002\u6839\u636e\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c<\/span><span>1<\/span><span>\u6761\uff0c\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5217\u673a\u5173\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e4b\uff1a\u4e00\u3001\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u90e8\uff1b\u4e8c\u3001\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\uff1b\u4e09\u3001\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u9662\uff1b\u56db\u3001\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u60e9\u6212\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u3002\u201d<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn7\" title=\"_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftnref7\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[7]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span>\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u56db\u673a\u5173\u90fd\u662f\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u5185\u8bbe\u673a\u5173\u3002\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u6700\u9ad8\u201d\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u4ec5\u4e3a\u6c11\u3001\u5211\u6848\u4ef6\uff08\u666e\u901a\u8bc9\u8bbc\uff09\u7684\u7ec8\u5ba1\u673a\u5173\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u8bbe\u9662\u957f\u3001\u526f\u9662\u957f\u5404\u4e00\u4eba\u3002\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u804c\u6743\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\u5176\u4e00\uff0c\u7efc\u7406\u5168\u9662\u4e8b\u52a1\uff08\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c<\/span><span>2<\/span><span>\u6761\uff09\uff1b\u5176\u4e8c\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u53ca\u76f8\u5173\u5ead\u957f\u7edf\u4e00\u89e3\u91ca\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u547d\u4ee4\uff08\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c<\/span><span>3<\/span><span>\u6761\uff09\uff1b\u5176\u4e09\uff0c\u6307\u5bfc\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\uff1a\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u627f\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u4e4b\u547d\uff0c\u7efc\u7406\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u4e8b\u5b9c\u201d\uff08\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c<\/span><span>4<\/span><span>\u6761\uff09\uff1b\u5176\u56db\uff0c\u76f8\u5173\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6848\u7684\u63d0\u6848\u6743\uff1a\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u5173\u4e8e\u4e3b\u7ba1\u4e8b\u9879\uff0c\u5f97\u63d0\u8bae\u6848\u4e8e\u7acb\u6cd5\u9662\u201d\uff08\u4e0a\u8ff0\u300a\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c<\/span><span>35<\/span><span>\u6761\uff09\u3002\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u56e0\u6545\u4e0d\u80fd\u89c6\u4e8b\u65f6\uff0c\u7531\u526f\u9662\u957f\u4ee3\u884c\u804c\u6743\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u6210\u7acb\u4e4b\u521d\uff0c\u539f\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u4ea6\u96b6\u5c5e\u4e8e\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c<\/span><span>1928<\/span><span>\u5e74<\/span><span>11<\/span><span>\u6708\u6539\u7ec4\u4e3a\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u90e8\uff0c\u8be5\u90e8\u5c31\u4e3b\u7ba1\u4e8b\u52a1\u5bf9\u5730\u65b9\u6700\u9ad8\u884c\u653f\u957f\u5b98\u6709\u6307\u793a\u76d1\u7763\u4e4b\u8d23\u3002\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u90e8\u957f\u7efc\u7406\u90e8\u52a1\uff0c\u76d1\u7763\u9ad8\u7b49\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5404\u7ea7\u6cd5\u9662\u53ca\u5206\u9662\uff0c\u53ca\u5168\u56fd\u5404\u7ea7\u68c0\u5bdf\u673a\u6784\u3002\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u76d1\u7763\u6743\u4e4b\u884c\u4f7f\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f71\u54cd\u5ba1\u5224\u72ec\u7acb\u3002<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn8\" title=\"_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftnref8\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[8]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u4e0e\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u3001\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u9662\u4e0e\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u60e9\u6212\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e3a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u5185\u5e73\u884c\u5355\u4f4d\uff0c\u6545\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\u4e0d\u53ca\u4e8e\u6b64\u4e09\u4e2a\u9662\u4f1a\uff0c\u800c\u7531\u5176\u5404\u81ea\u9662\u957f\uff08\u59d4\u5458\u957f\uff09\u638c\u7406\u5176\u5185\u90e8\u884c\u653f\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u7531\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u7efc\u7406\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u5185\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u884c\u653f\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u6b64\u65f6\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e0b\u8f96\u4e09\u4e2a\u7ec8\u5ba1\u673a\u5173\uff08\u638c\u7406\u6c11\u5211\u6848\u4ef6\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u3001\u638c\u7406\u884c\u653f\u8bc9\u8bbc\u7684\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u9662\u4e0e\u638c\u7406\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u60e9\u6212\u7684\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u60e9\u6212\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff09\u4e0e\u4e3b\u7ba1\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u90e8\uff0c\u6545\u53ef\u7b3c\u7edf\u5730\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u6700\u9ad8\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6700\u9ad8\u5ba1\u5224\u6743\u5e76\u4e0d\u7531\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f<\/span><span>\/<\/span><span>\u526f\u9662\u957f\u76f4\u63a5\u638c\u7406\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>2<\/span><span>\uff0e<strong>\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7684\u53d8\u5316<\/strong><\/span><strong><span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>1931<\/span><span>\u5e74<\/span><span>12<\/span><span>\u6708\uff0c\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7b2c\u516d\u6b21\u4fee\u6b63\u300a\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7531\u201c\u6700\u9ad8\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u201d\u6539\u4e3a\u201c\u6700\u9ad8\u5ba1\u5224\u673a\u5173\u201d\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f<\/span><span>\/<\/span><span>\u526f\u9662\u957f\u76f4\u63a5\u638c\u7406\u5ba1\u5224\u3002\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u660e\u786e\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u8bbe\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u3001\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u9662\u53ca\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u60e9\u6212\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u201d\uff08\u7b2c<\/span><span>36<\/span><span>\u6761\uff09\uff1b\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u957f\u517c\u4efb\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u526f\u9662\u957f\u517c\u4efb\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u60e9\u6212\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u59d4\u5458\u957f\u201d\uff08\u7b2c<\/span><span>37<\/span><span>\u6761\uff09\uff1b\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u9662\u53ca\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u60e9\u6212\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e4b\u5ba1\u5224\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u65f6\uff0c\u5f97\u51fa\u5ead\u5ba1\u7406\u4e4b\u201d\uff08\u7b2c<\/span><span>38<\/span><span>\u6761\uff09\u3002<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn9\" title=\"_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftnref9\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[9]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> 1932<\/span><span>\u5e74<\/span><span>3<\/span><span>\u6708\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u53c8\u7b2c\u4e03\u6b21\u4fee\u6b63\u300a\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u6b64\u6b21\u4fee\u6b63\u975e\u5e38\u7ec6\u5fae\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u4fbf\u662f\u5c06\u516d\u6b21\u4fee\u6b63\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5<\/span><span>37<\/span><span>\u6761\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u957f\u517c\u4efb\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u526f\u9662\u957f\u517c\u4efb\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u60e9\u6212\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u59d4\u5458\u957f\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u201c\u5f3a\u5236\u89c4\u5b9a\u201d\u6539\u4e3a\u201c\u5f39\u6027\u89c4\u5b9a\u201d\uff1a\u201c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u5f97\u7531\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u517c\u4efb\uff0c\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u60e9\u6212\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u59d4\u5458\u957f\u5f97\u7531\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u526f\u9662\u957f\u517c\u4efb\u3002\u201d<\/span><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span> <a href=\"#_ftn10\" title=\"_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftnref10\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[10]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u7b2c\u516d\u6b21\u4fee\u6b63\u300a\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\u5c06\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u201c\u6700\u9ad8\u5ba1\u5224\u673a\u5173\u5316\u201d\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u540c\u65f6\u4e27\u5931\u4e86\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\u3002\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u8350\u4efb\u4ee5\u4e0a<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn11\" title=\"_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftnref11\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[11]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u5b98\u540f\u4e4b\u4efb\u514d\u7531\u884c\u653f\u9662\u4f1a\u8bae\u8bae\u51b3\uff08\u7b2c<\/span><span>24<\/span><span>\u6761\u7b2c<\/span><span>5<\/span><span>\u6b3e\uff09\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u968f\u4e4b\u4e8e<\/span><span>1932<\/span><span>\u5e74<\/span><span>1<\/span><span>\u6708\u6539\u96b6\u884c\u653f\u9662\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u53ca\u5176\u6240\u8bbe\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u3001\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u9662\u53ca\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u60e9\u6212\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u884c\u653f\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5176\u81ea\u59cb\u4fbf\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u7ba1\u8f96\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ecd\u5c5e\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u81ea\u7406\u8303\u56f4\u3002<\/span><span>1934<\/span><span>\u5e74<\/span><span>10<\/span><span>\u6708\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u4e2d\u592e\u6267\u884c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u653f\u6cbb\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u51b3\u8bae\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u53c8\u56de\u5f52\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e5d\u6b21\u4fee\u6b63\u7684\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u4e5f\u4f5c\u4e86\u76f8\u5e94\u4fee\u6539\uff0c<\/span><span>1936<\/span><span>\u5e74<\/span><span>10<\/span><span>\u6708\u4fee\u6b63\u516c\u5e03\u4e4b\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\u4ea6\u4ece\u4e4b\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u6700\u9ad8\u5ba1\u5224\u673a\u5173\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u201c\u6574\u4e2a\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u201d\u3002<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn12\" title=\"_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftnref12\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[12]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> 1943<\/span><span>\u5e74<\/span><span>1<\/span><span>\u6708\uff0c\u6839\u636e<\/span><span>1942<\/span><span>\u5e74<\/span><span>12<\/span><span>\u6708\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u4e94\u5c4a\u5341\u4e2d\u5168\u4f1a\u51b3\u8bae\uff0c\u53c8\u7b2c\u5341\u6b21\u4fee\u6539\u300a\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u5c06\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u53c8\u6539\u96b6\u884c\u653f\u9662\uff0c\u5176\u7406\u7531\u636e\u79f0\u662f\u5728\u5373\u5c06\u5e9f\u9664\u9886\u4e8b\u88c1\u5224\u6743\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u6539\u8fdb\u53f8\u6cd5\u4f5c\u4e3a\uff0c\u800c\u5c06\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u6539\u96b6\u884c\u653f\u9662\u5219\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u63d0\u5347\u6218\u65f6\u53f8\u6cd5\u529e\u6848\u4e4b\u6548\u7387\u3002<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn13\" title=\"_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftnref13\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[13]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><a title=\"a\" name=\"a\"><\/a><strong><span>\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u300a\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u5236\u5b9a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u5b9a\u4f4d\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u53cd\u590d<\/span><\/strong><strong><span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong><span>1<\/span><\/strong><strong><span>\uff0e\u4e94\u4e94\u5baa\u8349\u4e2d\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662<\/span><\/strong><strong><span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>1936<\/span><span>\u5e74\u7531\u7acb\u6cd5\u9662\u4fee\u6b63\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u4e94\u4e94\u5baa\u8349\u4ecd\u7136\u7ef4\u6301\u4e86\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u5e76\u4e3a\u6700\u9ad8\u5ba1\u5224\u4e0e\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u673a\u5173\u7684\u5b9a\u4f4d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5c06\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u60e9\u6212\u6392\u9664\u5728\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u804c\u6743\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u800c\u8f6c\u7531\u76d1\u5bdf\u9662\u7ba1\u8f96\uff08\u7b2c<\/span><span>76<\/span><span>\u6761\u3001<\/span><span>87<\/span><span>\u6761\uff09\u3002<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn14\" title=\"_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftnref14\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[14]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u5e94\u5c5e\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u800c\u975e\u884c\u653f\u9662\u638c\u7406\u6709\u5982\u4e0b\u7406\u7531\uff1a\u5176\u4e00\uff0c\u5b59\u4e2d\u5c71\u624b\u8ba2\u300a\u5efa\u56fd\u5927\u7eb2\u300b\u5185\u5217\u4e3e\u884c\u653f\u9662\u5404\u90e8\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5e76\u65e0\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u6216\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u4e4b\u540d\uff0c\u800c\u5176\u5728\u5e7f\u5dde\u9769\u547d\u653f\u5e9c\u65f6\u671f\u6240\u8bbe\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5373\u76d1\u7ba1\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\uff0c\u53ef\u89c1\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u7531\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u638c\u7406\u4e43\u201c\u56fd\u7236\u4e4b\u672c\u610f\u201d\uff1b\u5176\u4e8c\uff0c\u4f9d\u5b59\u6587\u9057\u6559\uff0c\u201c\u4e94\u9662\u7686\u5bf9\u56fd\u6c11\u5927\u4f1a\u8d1f\u8d23\u201d\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u5bf9\u56fd\u5927\u6240\u8d1f\u5e94\u4e3a\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u4e4b\u8d23\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5ba1\u5224\u4e4b\u8d23\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5b98\u4f9d\u6cd5\u72ec\u7acb\u5ba1\u5224\uff0c\u4e0d\u5bf9\u56fd\u5927\u8d1f\u8d23\uff1b\u5176\u4e09\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u5982\u4ea4\u7531\u884c\u653f\u9662\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5f71\u54cd\u6cd5\u5b98\u5ba1\u5224\u72ec\u7acb\u3002<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn15\" title=\"_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftnref15\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[15]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><strong><span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong><span>2<\/span><\/strong><strong><span>\uff0e\u4ece\u671f\u6210\u5baa\u8349\u5230\u653f\u534f\u534f\u8bae\u5bf9\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7684\u8c03\u6574<\/span><\/strong><strong><span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u4e94\u4e94\u5baa\u8349\u9881\u5e03\u540e\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u65e5\u519b\u5165\u5bc7\uff0c\u5236\u5baa\u673a\u5173\u56fd\u6c11\u5927\u4f1a\u65e0\u6cd5\u96c6\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e00\u62d6<\/span><span>9<\/span><span>\u5e74\uff0c\u4e94\u4e94\u5baa\u8349\u4e5f\u5c31\u88ab\u62d6\u9ec4\u4e86\u3002\u5728\u6297\u6218\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5236\u5baa\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e5f\u5e76\u672a\u5b8c\u5168\u505c\u987f\u3002\u56fd\u6c11\u53c2\u653f\u4f1a<\/span><span>\u5baa\u653f\u671f\u6210\u4f1a\u548c\u56fd\u6c11\u53c2\u653f\u4f1a\u5baa\u653f\u5b9e\u65bd\u534f\u8fdb\u4f1a\u5148\u540e\u5bf9\u4e94\u4e94\u5baa\u8349\u4f5c\u4e86\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u4fee\u6b63\uff0c\u662f\u4e3a\u6297\u6218\u671f\u95f4\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u548c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u5baa\u653f\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u653f\u5e9c\u660e\u91cc\u6697\u91cc\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u6b21\u8fd0\u52a8\u6700\u540e\u90fd\u65e0\u75be\u800c\u7ec8\u3002<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn16\" title=\"_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftnref16\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[16]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u5baa\u653f\u671f\u6210\u4f1a\u5236\u6210\u671f\u6210\u5baa\u8349\uff0c\u8be5\u5baa\u8349\u7684\u8d77\u8349\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u884c\u653f\u6743\u5e94\u7edf\u5f52\u4e8e\u884c\u653f\u9662\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u53d6\u6d88\u4e86\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u884c\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u89c4\u5b9a\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e3a\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u4e4b\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u201d\uff08\u7b2c<\/span><span>83<\/span><span>\u6761\uff09\u3002<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn17\" title=\"_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftnref17\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[17]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u7559\u7f8e\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u7f57\u9686\u57fa\u5728\u5baa\u8349\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd8\u9996\u6b21\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u201c\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u201d\u4e4b\u540d\u3002\u63d0\u8bae\u5c06\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u6539\u91c7\u7f8e\u56fd\u5f0f\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u636e\u8bf4\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e8c\u6218\u671f\u95f4\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u76df\u53cb\u4e3a\u82f1\u7f8e\u6cd5\u7cfb\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u800c\u654c\u4eba\u5219\u4e3a\u5927\u9646\u6cd5\u7cfb\u4e4b\u65e5\u3001\u5fb7\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u601d\u6f6e\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e4b\u524d\u91c7\u5927\u9646\u6cd5\u7cfb\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u4eca\u540e\u5e94\u8003\u8651\u6539\u91c7\u82f1\u7f8e\u6cd5\u7cfb\u4e4b\u5236\u5ea6\u3002<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn18\" title=\"_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftnref18\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[18]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u5baa\u653f\u5b9e\u65bd\u534f\u8fdb\u4f1a\u63d0\u51fa\u7814\u8ba8\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e2d\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u5e94\u5426\u517c\u638c\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u201d\u4e00\u9879\uff0c<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn19\" title=\"_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftnref19\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[19]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u53ef\u89c1\u5173\u4e8e\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\u5f52\u5c5e\u4e00\u76f4\u5b58\u5728\u4e89\u8bae\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u6297\u6218\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u539f\u5b9a<\/span><span>1945<\/span><span>\u5e74<\/span><span>10<\/span><span>\u6708<\/span><span>10<\/span><span>\u65e5<\/span><span>\u53ec\u5f00\u56fd\u6c11\u5927\u4f1a\uff0c\u5236\u5b9a\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u4e0e\u5176\u5b83\u515a\u6d3e\u8054\u5408\u53cd\u5bf9\u56fd\u6c11\u5927\u4f1a\u4ee3\u8868\u540d\u989d\u5206\u914d\u53ca\u4e94\u4e94\u5baa\u8349\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u88ab\u8feb\u9080\u8bf7\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u540c\u76df\u3001\u9752\u5e74\u515a\u3001\u6c11\u793e\u515a\u5404\u515a\u6d3e\u4ee3\u8868\u4ee5\u53ca\u793e\u4f1a\u8d24\u8fbe\u5728\u91cd\u5e86\u53ec\u5f00\u653f\u6cbb\u534f\u5546\u4f1a\u8bae\u3002\u5baa\u8349\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u653f\u534f\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u4e94\u5927\u8bae\u9898\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u5c31\u5baa\u8349\u95ee\u9898\u8fbe\u6210\u7684\u5341\u4e8c\u9879\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7b2c\u56db\u9879\u4fbf\u662f\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\uff1a\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u5373\u4e3a\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c\u4e0d\u517c\u7ba1\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u3002\u7531\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u82e5\u5e72\u4eba\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e4b\u3002\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u7531\u603b\u7edf\u63d0\u540d\uff0c\u7ecf\u76d1\u5bdf\u9662\u540c\u610f\u4efb\u547d\u4e4b\u3002\u5404\u7ea7\u6cd5\u5b98\u987b\u8d85\u51fa\u515a\u6d3e\u4e4b\u5916\u3002\u201d<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn20\" title=\"_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftnref20\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[20]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u5728\u6b63\u5f0f\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0a\u9996\u6b21\u63d0\u53ca\u201c\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u201d\u4e4b\u540d\uff0c\u662f\u4e3a\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5236\u5ea6\u4e4b\u6ee5\u89de\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong><span>3<\/span><\/strong><strong><span>\uff0e<\/span><\/strong><strong><span>1946<\/span><\/strong><strong><span>\u5e74\u300a\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u5bf9\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u201c\u6700\u540e\u201d\u5b9a\u4f4d<\/span><\/strong><strong><span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u4e2d\u592e\u5bf9\u4e8e\u201c\u653f\u534f\u5341\u4e8c\u539f\u5219\u201d\u63d0\u51fa\u591a\u9879\u4fee\u6b63\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5e76\u672a\u53ca\u4e8e\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u8fd9\u4e00\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u201c\u6b21\u8981\u201d\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u653f\u534f\u5baa\u8349\u5ba1\u8bae\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u968f\u4e4b\u8349\u62df\u7684\u653f\u534f\u5baa\u8349\u5728\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u5b8c\u5168\u9075\u5faa\u4e86\u653f\u534f\u534f\u8bae\uff1b\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u653f\u534f\u5baa\u8349\u8fdb\u884c\u90e8\u5206\u4fee\u6539\u8c03\u6574\u540e\u5236\u6210\u653f\u5e9c\u5baa\u8349\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u63d0\u4ea4\u5236\u5baa\u56fd\u6c11\u5927\u4f1a\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u5baa\u8349\u4e2d\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e00\u7ae0\u4e0e\u653f\u534f\u5baa\u8349\u6587\u5b57\u4e0e\u6761\u6587\u987a\u5e8f\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u53ea\u56e0\u5176\u4ed6\u7ae0\u7684\u8c03\u6574\u4f9d\u6b21\u6539\u52a8\u4e86\u6761\u6587\u5e8f\u53f7\u800c\u5df2\u3002<\/span><span>1946<\/span><span>\u5e74<\/span><span>11<\/span><span>\u6708<\/span><span>15<\/span><span>\u65e5<\/span><span>\uff0c\u201c\u5236\u5baa\u56fd\u6c11\u5927\u4f1a\u201d\u5728\u5357\u4eac\u53ec\u5f00\u3002<\/span><span>11<\/span><span>\u6708<\/span><span>28<\/span><span>\u65e5<\/span><span>\uff0c\u5728\u56fd\u5927\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\uff0c\u7acb\u6cd5\u9662\u957f\u5b59\u79d1\u9010\u7ae0\u8bf4\u660e\u4fee\u6b63\u5185\u5bb9\u53ca\u4e0e\u4e94\u4e94\u5baa\u8349\u533a\u522b\uff0c\u5c31\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5b59\u79d1\u62a5\u544a\u79f0\uff1a\u201c\u672c\u5baa\u8349\u89c4\u5b9a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6700\u9ad8\u5ba1\u5224\u673a\u5173\uff0c\u4e0e\u73b0\u5728\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u638c\u7406\u6c11\u4e8b\u5211\u4e8b\u884c\u653f\u8bc9\u8bbc\u4e4b\u5ba1\u5224\u53ca\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e4b\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u4e14\u7ec4\u7ec7\u65b9\u9762\u4ea6\u6709\u6240\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u201d\u201c\u6b64\u79cd\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e4b\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u3002\u201d\u4f46\u5b59\u79d1\u5f00\u5934\u4fbf\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ae0\u4e0e\u4e94\u4e94\u5baa\u8349\u6ca1\u6709\u591a\u5927\u53d8\u52a8\u201d\uff0c\u610f\u601d\u5927\u7ea6\u662f\u8bf4\u4e94\u4e94\u5baa\u8349\u4e0e\u653f\u534f\u5baa\u8349\u90fd\u4e3b\u5f20\u6539\u53d8\u65e2\u6709\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u4f53\u5236\uff0c\u5c06\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u6700\u9ad8\u5ba1\u5224\u673a\u5173\u5316\uff1b\u81f3\u4e8e\u4e8c\u8005\u5728\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\u5f52\u5c5e\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u5219\u672a\u8a00\u53ca\u3002<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn21\" title=\"_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftnref21\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[21]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u5728\u56fd\u5927\u7b2c\u4e00\u8bfb\u4f1a\u5bf9\u5baa\u8349\u7684\u5206\u7ec4\u5ba1\u67e5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5360\u4ee3\u8868\u603b\u989d\u538b\u5012\u591a\u6570\u7684\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u7c4d\u4ee3\u8868\u4f01\u56fe\u590d\u8f9f\u4e94\u4e94\u5baa\u8349\uff0c\u5927\u6709\u5c06\u653f\u534f\u539f\u5219\u4e00\u4e00\u63a8\u7ffb\u4e4b\u52bf\uff0c\u76f4\u81f3<\/span><span>12<\/span><span>\u6708<\/span><span>14<\/span><span>\u65e5<\/span><span>\u6210\u7acb\u5baa\u8349\u7efc\u5408\u5ba1\u67e5\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u5386\u7ecf\u653f\u515a\u534f\u5546\u4e0e\u591a\u65b9\u758f\u89e3\uff0c\u624d\u5c06\u5baa\u8349\u57fa\u672c\u6062\u590d\u81f3\u653f\u534f\u5baa\u8349\u539f\u6848\u3002<\/span><span>12<\/span><span>\u6708<\/span><span>21<\/span><span>\u65e5<\/span><span>\uff0c\u5baa\u8349\u5b8c\u6210\u4e00\u8bfb\uff1b<\/span><span>24<\/span><span>\u65e5\uff0c\u5b8c\u6210\u4e8c\u8bfb\uff1b<\/span><span>25<\/span><span>\u65e5\uff0c\u4e09\u8bfb\u5b8c\u6bd5\uff0c\u5baa\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\u3002\u8be5\u5baa\u6cd5\u7531\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u4e8e<\/span><span>1947<\/span><span>\u5e74\u5143\u65e6\u516c\u5e03\uff0c\u540c\u5e74<\/span><span>12<\/span><span>\u6708<\/span><span>25<\/span><span>\u65e5<\/span><span>\u65bd\u884c\u3002\u4e0e\u56fd\u6c11\u5927\u4f1a\u3001\u884c\u653f\u9662\u3001\u7acb\u6cd5\u9662\u7b49\u7ae0\u76f8\u8f83\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e00\u7ae0\u5728\u5baa\u8349\u5ba1\u67e5\u4e2d\u5e76\u975e\u7126\u70b9\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u91cd\u5927\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u7ecf\u5386\u4e09\u8bfb\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u6709\u5173\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u6761\u6587\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u5fae\u5999\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u5236\u5baa\u8005\u9ed8\u9ed8\u5730\u3001\u6709\u610f\u65e0\u610f\u5730\u6539\u52a8\u4e86\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u6a21\u7cca\u4e86\u653f\u534f\u534f\u8bae\u786e\u7acb\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn22\" title=\"_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftnref22\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[22]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong><span>\u53d8\u5316\u4e4b\u4e00\uff1a\u6401\u7f6e\u4e86\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\u5f52\u5c5e\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6539\u201c\u6700\u9ad8\u5ba1\u5224\u673a\u5173\u201d\u4e3a\u201c\u6700\u9ad8\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u201d<\/span><span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u5728\u4e00\u8bfb\u4f1a\u5206\u7ec4\uff08\u7b2c\u56db\uff09\u5ba1\u67e5\u4f1a\u4e0a\uff0c\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u610f\u89c1\u4e3b\u5f20\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u5e94\u5f52\u4e8e\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u6743\u4e4b\u7edf\u4e00\uff0c\u4f46\u56e0\u5c11\u6570\u4ee3\u8868\u575a\u6301\u653f\u534f\u539f\u6848\uff0c\u5ba1\u67e5\u4f1a\u63d0\u51fa\u4e09\u79cd\u5ba1\u67e5\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u5747\u79f0\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e3a\u6700\u9ad8\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u673a\u5173\u201d\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\u5f52\u5c5e\u5219\u610f\u89c1\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u672a\u4f5c\u6700\u540e\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\u5728\u7efc\u5408\u5ba1\u67e5\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e0a\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u4e2d\u592e\u6307\u793a\u201c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u518d\u63d0\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u5c5e\u4e8e\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u201d<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn23\" title=\"_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftnref23\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[23]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span>\uff0c\u624d\u5e73\u606f\u4e86\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e0a\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\u5f52\u5c5e\u4e4b\u4e89\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5728\u5baa\u6cd5\u6761\u6587\u4e2d\u201c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u63d0\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u6401\u7f6e\u800c\u975e\u771f\u6b63\u89e3\u51b3\u7eb7\u4e89\uff0c\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u7efc\u5408\u5ba1\u67e5\u4f1a\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u201c\u6700\u9ad8\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u201d\u7684\u63d0\u6cd5\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u9884\u7559\u4e86\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u4e00\u8bfb\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u5baa\u8349\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7b80\u79f0\u4e00\u8bfb\u5baa\u8349\uff09\u5c06\u539f\u653f\u5e9c\u5baa\u8349\u7b2c<\/span><span>82<\/span><span>\u6761\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6700\u9ad8\u5ba1\u5224\u673a\u5173\uff0c\u638c\u7406\u6c11\u4e8b\u3001\u5211\u4e8b\u3001\u884c\u653f\u8bc9\u8bbc\u4e4b\u5ba1\u5224\uff0c\u53ca\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e4b\u89e3\u91ca\u201d\u6539\u4e3a\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e3a\u6700\u9ad8\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\uff0c\u638c\u7406\u6c11\u4e8b\u5211\u4e8b\u884c\u653f\u8bc9\u8bbc\u4e4b\u5ba1\u5224\uff0c\u53ca\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u4e4b\u60e9\u6212\u201d\u3002\u6539\u201c\u6700\u9ad8\u5ba1\u5224\u673a\u5173\u201d\u4e3a\u201c\u6700\u9ad8\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u201d\uff0c\u636e\u8bf4\u53ea\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u56db\u9662\u76f8\u5173\u6761\u6587\uff08\u884c\u653f\u9662\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6700\u9ad8\u884c\u653f\u673a\u5173\u3001\u7acb\u6cd5\u9662\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6700\u9ad8\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u3001\u8003\u8bd5\u9662\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6700\u9ad8\u8003\u8bd5\u673a\u5173\u3001\u76d1\u5bdf\u9662\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6700\u9ad8\u76d1\u5bdf\u673a\u5173\uff09\u7edf\u4e00\u8868\u8ff0\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u7167\u524d\u8ff0\u300a\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u5386\u6b21\u4fee\u6b63\uff0c\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005\uff08\u5236\u5baa\u8005\uff09\u5bf9\u4e8e\u201c\u6700\u9ad8\u5ba1\u5224\u673a\u5173\u201d\u6291\u6216\u201c\u6700\u9ad8\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u201d\u7684\u7528\u8bcd\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u614e\u91cd\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u76f4\u63a5\u7275\u6d89\u5230\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u662f\u5426\u76f4\u63a5\u884c\u4f7f\u5ba1\u5224\u6743\u4e0e\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\u7684\u5f52\u5c5e\u95ee\u9898\uff0c<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn24\" title=\"_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftnref24\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[24]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u8fd9\u4e00\u6539\u53d8\u6050\u6015\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u5c06\u5baa\u6cd5\u6761\u6587\u4e94\u9662\u8868\u8ff0\u65b9\u5f0f\u7edf\u4e00\u201d\u90a3\u4e48\u7b80\u5355\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u51c6\u53f8\u6cd5\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u60e9\u6212\u6743\u56de\u5f52\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u5176\u5b9e\u5df2\u7ecf\u4f7f\u5f97\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u5355\u7eaf\u7684\u7f8e\u5f0f\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong><span>\u53d8\u5316\u4e4b\u4e8c\uff1a\u201c\u6709\u610f\u65e0\u610f\u201d\u4e2d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u804c\u6743\u7684\u53d8\u66f4<\/span><span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u5728\u5baa\u8349\u4e00\u8bfb\u5ba1\u8bae\u4e2d\uff0c\u7b2c\u56db\u5ba1\u67e5\u4f1a\u5c06\u539f\u653f\u5e9c\u5baa\u8349\u7b2c<\/span><span>82<\/span><span>\u6761\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u638c\u7406\u201c\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e4b\u89e3\u91ca\u201d\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u8c03\u6574\u5230\u7b2c<\/span><span>86<\/span><span>\u6761\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>86<\/span><span>\u6761\u7531\u539f\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u6709\u7edf\u4e00\u89e3\u91ca\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53ca\u547d\u4ee4\u4e4b\u6743\u201d<\/span><span> <\/span><span>\u6269\u5145\u4e3a\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u89e3\u91ca\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u5e76\u6709\u7edf\u4e00\u89e3\u91ca\u6cd5\u5f8b\u547d\u4ee4\u4e4b\u6743\u201d\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5ba1\u67e5\u4f1a\u5c06\u539f\u653f\u5e9c\u5baa\u8349\u7b2c<\/span><span>83<\/span><span>\u6761\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u8bbe\u9662\u957f\u4e00\u4eba\uff0c\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u82e5\u5e72\u4eba\uff0c\u7531\u603b\u7edf\u63d0\u540d\uff0c\u7ecf\u76d1\u5bdf\u9662\u540c\u610f\u4efb\u547d\u4e4b\u3002\u201d\u6539\u4e3a\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u8bbe\u9662\u957f\u526f\u9662\u957f\u5404\u4e00\u4eba\uff0c\u7531\u603b\u7edf\u63d0\u540d\uff0c\u7ecf\u76d1\u5bdf\u9662\u540c\u610f\u4efb\u547d\u4e4b\u3002\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u8bbe\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u82e5\u5e72\u4eba\uff0c\u638c\u7406\u524d\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e8b\u9879\uff0c\u7531\u603b\u7edf\u63d0\u540d\uff0c\u7ecf\u76d1\u5bdf\u9662\u540c\u610f\u4efb\u547d\u4e4b\u3002\u201d\u5176\u6240\u8c13\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u638c\u7406\u7684\u201c\u524d\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e8b\u9879\u201d\u672c\u6765\u662f<\/span><span>82<\/span><span>\u6761<\/span><span> <\/span><span>\u201c\u6c11\u4e8b\u5211\u4e8b\u884c\u653f\u8bc9\u8bbc\u4e4b\u5ba1\u5224\uff0c\u53ca\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u4e4b\u60e9\u6212\u201d\u3002\u4f46\u7b2c\u56db\u5ba1\u67e5\u4f1a\u518d\u5c06\u524d\u8ff0\u5baa\u8349\u7b2c<\/span><span>86<\/span><span>\u6761\u8c03\u6574\u5230\u7b2c<\/span><span>82<\/span><span>\u6761\u4e4b\u540e\uff08\u53d8\u4e3a\u7b2c<\/span><span>83<\/span><span>\u6761\uff09\uff0c\u524d\u8ff0\u7b2c<\/span><span>83<\/span><span>\u6761\u5e8f\u53f7\u5219\u987a\u5ef6\u4e3a\u7b2c<\/span><span>84<\/span><span>\u6761\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u5c31\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fae\u5999\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u638c\u7406\u7684\u201c\u524d\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e8b\u9879\u201d\uff08\u4e00\u8bfb\u5baa\u8349\u7b2c<\/span><span>84<\/span><span>\u6761\uff09\u5c31\u7531\u539f\u6765\u7b2c<\/span><span>82<\/span><span>\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u201c\u6c11\u4e8b\u5211\u4e8b\u884c\u653f\u8bc9\u8bbc\u4e4b\u5ba1\u5224\uff0c\u53ca\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u4e4b\u60e9\u6212\u201d\u53d8\u4e3a\u4e00\u8bfb\u5baa\u8349\u4e4b<\/span><span>83<\/span><span>\u6761\u201c\u89e3\u91ca\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u5e76\u6709\u7edf\u4e00\u89e3\u91ca\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53ca\u547d\u4ee4\u4e4b\u6743\u3002\u201d<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u524d\u6587\u5df2\u7ecf\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u5728\u5236\u5baa\u56fd\u5927\u5206\u7ec4\u5ba1\u67e5\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u5360\u4f18\u52bf\u7684\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u7c4d\u56fd\u5927\u4ee3\u8868\u5c06\u653f\u5e9c\u63d0\u4ea4\u7684\u5baa\u8349\u5927\u6539\u7279\u6539\uff0c\u5386\u7ecf\u7efc\u5408\u5ba1\u67e5\u4f1a\u624d\u57fa\u672c\u201c\u6062\u590d\u539f\u72b6\u201d\u3002\u4f46\u7b2c\u56db\u5ba1\u67e5\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u6761\u6587\u987a\u5e8f\u7684\u8c03\u6574\u8fd9\u4e00\u6280\u672f\u624b\u6bb5\u5bf9\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u804c\u6743\u7684\u53d8\u52a8\uff0c\u5c45\u7136\u5728\u7efc\u5408\u5ba1\u67e5\u4e2d\u987a\u5229\u95ef\u5173\uff0c\u5e76\u987a\u5229\u901a\u8fc7\u6574\u4e2a\u4e09\u8bfb\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002\u5728\u6700\u540e\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u7ae0\u7684\u8c03\u6574\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e00\u7ae0\u7684\u6761\u6587\u5e8f\u53f7\u4e5f\u8ddf\u7740\u8c03\u6574\uff0c\u4e8c\u8bfb\u5baa\u8349\u7b2c<\/span><span>82<\/span><span>\u6761\u8c03\u6574\u4e3a\u7b2c<\/span><span>77<\/span><span>\u6761\uff0c\u539f\u7b2c<\/span><span>83<\/span><span>\u6761\u6539\u4e3a\u7b2c<\/span><span>78<\/span><span>\u6761\uff0c\u539f\u7b2c<\/span><span>84<\/span><span>\u6761\u6539\u4e3a\u7b2c<\/span><span>79<\/span><span>\u6761\u2026\u2026\u4f9d\u6b64\u7c7b\u63a8\u3002\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u5c0f\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u662f\uff0c\u4e09\u8bfb\u6574\u7406\u5baa\u8349\u6761\u6587\u6587\u53e5\u65f6\uff0c\u5c06\u4e8c\u8bfb\u5baa\u8349\u7b2c<\/span><span>84<\/span><span>\u6761\uff08\u5baa\u6cd5\u7b2c<\/span><span>79<\/span><span>\u6761\uff09\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u638c\u7406\u201c\u524d\u6761\u201d\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e8b\u9879\u660e\u786e\u4e3a\u201c\u672c\u5baa\u6cd5\u7b2c<\/span><span>78<\/span><span>\u6761\u201d\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e8b\u9879\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u653f\u534f\u539f\u5219\u5173\u4e8e\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u4eff\u7167\u7f8e\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u7ecf\u7531\u56fd\u5927\u5206\u7ec4\u5ba1\u67e5\u540e\uff0c\u53d8\u6210\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4e0d\u518d\u638c\u7406\u5ba1\u5224\uff08\u60e9\u6212\uff09\uff0c\u53ea\u884c\u4f7f\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u5ba1\u67e5\u6743\uff08\u89e3\u91ca\u6743\uff09\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u201c\u5ba1\u5224\u6743\u4e0e\u89e3\u91ca\u6743\u76f8\u4e92\u5206\u7acb\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e0e\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u7ed3\u6784\u5206\u6b8a\u201d\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u8fd9\u5e76\u975e\u201c\u65e0\u5fc3\u4e4b\u8bef\u201d\u3002<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn25\" title=\"_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftnref25\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[25]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u5728\u56fd\u5927\u5ba1\u67e5\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f20\u77e5\u672c\u66fe\u63d0\u51fa\u62a5\u544a\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u539f\u7b2c<\/span><span>83<\/span><span>\u6761\u6539\u4e3a\u7b2c<\/span><span>84<\/span><span>\u6761\uff0c\u6761\u6587\u7565\u6709\u4fee\u6b63\u2026\u2026\u53c8\u672c\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\u8bbe\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u82e5\u5e72\u4eba\uff0c\u6b64\u4e00\u540d\u79f0\u76f8\u5f53\u9686\u91cd\uff0c\u73b0\u5728\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u63a8\u4e8b\u7ea6\u6709\u767e\u4f59\u4eba\uff0c\u638c\u7406\u5168\u56fd\u8bc9\u8bbc\uff0c\u5c1a\u611f\u4eba\u529b\u4e0d\u6577\uff0c\u5018\u5c06\u6765\u8bbe\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u767e\u4f59\u4eba\uff0c\u751a\u4e3a\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u6211\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u987b\u5bf9\u5168\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u89e3\u91ca\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u5728\u6b27\u7f8e\u5404\u56fd\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u9664\u529e\u666e\u901a\u6848\u4ef6\u5916\uff0c\u517c\u4e3a\u89e3\u91ca\u5baa\u6cd5\uff0c\u6545\u4e8e\u6761\u6587\u4e2d\u51b3\u5b9a\u589e\u52a0\u638c\u7406\u524d\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e8b\u9879\u6570\u5b57\uff0c\u5bf9\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4efb\u52a1\u4f5c\u660e\u786e\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u201d<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn26\" title=\"_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftnref26\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[26]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span>\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u5236\u5baa\u8005\u8003\u8651\u5230\u4e00\u76f4\u4ee5\u6765\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4e0e\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u6cd5\u5b98\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u540c\u65e5\u800c\u8bed\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6709\u610f\u5c06\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u804c\u6743\u4e88\u4ee5\u9650\u7f29\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u603b\u7684\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5236\u5baa\u8005\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u5728\u8c03\u548c\u4e94\u4e94\u5baa\u8349\u4e0e\u653f\u534f\u5baa\u8349\uff08\u653f\u5e9c\u5baa\u8349\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u517c\u987e\u8bad\u653f\u65f6\u671f\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u65e7\u5236\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u5b9a\u4f4d\u95ee\u9898\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u6a21\u7cca\u5316\u3001\u201c\u4e0d\u4e3a\u51b3\u5b9a\u201d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4ee5\u53ca\u6697\u6e21\u9648\u4ed3\u7684\u6280\u5de7\uff0c\u4e3a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u5efa\u6784\uff0c\u9884\u7559\u4e86\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong><span>\uff08\u56db\uff09<\/span><\/strong><strong><span>1947<\/span><\/strong><strong><span>\u5e74\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u51fa\u53f0\u4e0e\u4fee\u6b63<\/span><\/strong><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>1947<\/span><span>\u5e74<\/span><span>3<\/span><span>\u6708<\/span><span>31<\/span><span>\u65e5<\/span><span>\uff0c\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u9881\u5e03\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u89c4\u5b9a\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u8bbe\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u4ee5\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98<\/span><span>9<\/span><span>\u4eba\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e4b\uff0c\u884c\u4f7f\u89e3\u91ca\u5baa\u6cd5\u5e76\u7edf\u4e00\u89e3\u91ca\u6cd5\u5f8b\u547d\u4ee4\u4e4b\u804c\u6743\u201d\uff08\u7b2c<\/span><span>3<\/span><span>\u6761\uff09\u3002\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e3a<\/span><span>9<\/span><span>\u4eba\uff0c\u5927\u6982\u662f\u4eff\u6548\u7f8e\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662<\/span><span>9<\/span><span>\u540d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4e4b\u8bbe\u3002\u7b2c<\/span><span>4<\/span><span>\u6761\u7b2c<\/span><span>1<\/span><span>\u9879\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u5206\u8bbe\u6c11\u4e8b\u5ead\u3001\u5211\u4e8b\u5ead\u3001\u884c\u653f\u88c1\u5224\u5ead\u53ca\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u60e9\u6212\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u3002\u201d\u8fd9\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u662f\u4ee5\u5206\u5ead\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u638c\u7406\u5ba1\u5224\uff0c\u81f3\u4e8e\u4e09\u5ead\uff08\u4f1a\uff09\u5982\u4f55\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u5e76\u672a\u8a00\u53ca\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u89c4\u5b9a\u201c\u53e6\u4ee5\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b9a\u4e4b\u201d\uff08\u7b2c<\/span><span>4<\/span><span>\u6761\u7b2c<\/span><span>2<\/span><span>\u9879\uff09\u3002\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4f9d\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\u7ec4\u6210\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4f1a\u8bae\u884c\u4f7f\u89e3\u91ca\u6743\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6cd5\u65e0\u660e\u6587\u7981\u6b62\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e0b\u53e6\u7ec4\u5ba1\u5224\u5ead\uff08\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u60e9\u6212\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff09\u638c\u7406\u5ba1\u5224\u6743\uff08\u60e9\u6212\u6743\uff09\u3002\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u5c31\u662f\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5c31\u662f\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u63a8\u4e8b\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u82e5\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4e3a\u89e3\u91ca\u5baa\u6cd5\u548c\u7edf\u4e00\u89e3\u91ca\u6cd5\u5f8b\u547d\u4ee4\u8d77\u89c1\uff0c\u5b9e\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5730\u4f4d\u9686\u91cd\u7684\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u3002\u201d<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn27\" title=\"_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftnref27\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[27]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u7406\u4f1a\u524d\u8ff0\u5baa\u6cd5\u6761\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u5fae\u5999\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4ecd\u662f\u91c7\u7528\u653f\u534f\u5baa\u8349\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5c06\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u65e7\u5236\u5168\u90e8\u63a8\u7ffb\u3002\u63a2\u5bfb\u5176\u4e2d\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\u4e43\u662f\u7531\u7acb\u6cd5\u9662\u901a\u8fc7\uff0c\u7acb\u6cd5\u9662\u957f\u5b59\u79d1\u5219\u662f\u57fa\u672c\u62e5\u62a4\u653f\u534f\u5baa\u8349\u539f\u6848\u7684\uff1b\u5baa\u6cd5\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e00\u7ae0\u6761\u6587\u7684\u8c03\u6574\u662f\u5f20\u77e5\u672c\u7b49\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u7c4d\u56fd\u5927\u4ee3\u8868\u6240\u4e3a\uff0c\u800c\u5f20\u77e5\u672c\u662f\u56fd\u6c11\u515a\u5185\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\uff0c\u6253\u7740\u201c\u56fd\u7236\u9057\u6559\u201d\u7684\u65d7\u53f7\u575a\u51b3\u53cd\u5bf9\u653f\u534f\u539f\u5219\u3002\u5236\u5baa\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e3a\u7ef4\u62a4\u653f\u534f\u539f\u5219\u3001\u786e\u4fdd\u5236\u5baa\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u5b59\u79d1\u66fe\u5f53\u9762\u9a73\u65a5\u5f20\u77e5\u672c\uff1a\u201c<\/span><span>\u8bf7\u4f60\u4ee5\u540e\u4e0d\u8981\u52a8\u8f84\u5f15\u7528\u56fd\u7236\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u4ee5\u5c01\u4eba\u4e4b\u53e3\uff0c\u800c\u52a0\u6df1\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u3002\u201d<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn28\" title=\"_ftnref28\" name=\"_ftnref28\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[28]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u5f20\u77e5\u672c\u4e00\u5e72\u56fd\u5927\u4ee3\u8868\u6697\u6e21\u9648\u4ed3\uff0c\u7acb\u6cd5\u9662\u5373\u4f7f\u9886\u4f1a\u5230\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5fae\u5999\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u89c1\u5f97\u4f1a\u7167\u6b64\u529e\u7406\uff0c\u66f4\u4f55\u51b5\u7acb\u6cd5\u9662\u5982\u6b64\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u4e0e\u5baa\u6cd5\u6761\u6587\u5728\u5b57\u9762\u4e0a\u4e5f\u5e76\u4e0d\u62b5\u89e6\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u8be5\u6cd5\u516c\u5e03\u540e\uff0c\u4fbf\u53d7\u5230\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u5728\u5185\u7684\u6cd5\u754c\u4eba\u58eb\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u3002<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn29\" title=\"_ftnref29\" name=\"_ftnref29\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[29]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span>\u201c\u6709\u4ee5\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5168\u4f53\u63a8\u4e8b\u540c\u4ec1\u540d\u4e49\u53d1\u8868\u793e\u8bba\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u5728\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u4ecd\u7167\u65e7\u7ef4\u6301\u3002\u201d<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn30\" title=\"_ftnref30\" name=\"_ftnref30\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[30]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span>\u5f53\u65f6\u6218\u4e8b\u5403\u7d27\u3001\u653f\u5c40\u6df7\u4e71\uff0c\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u5df2\u7ecf\u65e0\u529b\u4ece\u4e8b\u6539\u5236\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u4e8e<\/span><span>1947<\/span><span>\u5e74<\/span><span>12<\/span><span>\u6708<\/span><span>25<\/span><span>\u65e5\u201c\u884c\u5baa\u201d\u5f53\u65e5\u9881\u5e03\u4fee\u6b63\u4e4b\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u9664\u589e\u8bbe\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5171<\/span><span>17<\/span><span>\u4eba\u7ec4\u6210\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e13\u53f8\u91ca\u5baa\u548c\u7edf\u4e00\u89e3\u91ca\u6cd5\u5f8b\u547d\u4ee4\u4e4b\u6743\u5916\uff0c\u4ecd\u6cbf\u88ad\u8bad\u653f\u65f6\u671f\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e0b\u8bbe\u4e09\u9662\uff08\u4f1a\uff09\u5206\u638c\u666e\u901a\uff08\u6c11\u5211\uff09\u8bc9\u8bbc\u3001\u884c\u653f\u8bc9\u8bbc\u4e0e\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u60e9\u6212\u7b49\u65e7\u5236\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u6784\u60f3\uff0c\u81f3\u6b64\u5f7b\u5e95\u7834\u706d\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong><span> <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><strong><span><span>\u4e8c\u3001<span>    <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><!--[endif]--><strong><span>\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u5b89\u6392<\/span><\/strong><strong><span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong><span> <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><strong><span><span>\uff08\u4e00\uff09<span>  <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><!--[endif]--><strong><span>\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\u7684\u5f52\u5c5e\u95ee\u9898<\/span><span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u516c\u6743\u529b\u7684\u884c\u653f\u6838\u5fc3\u76ee\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5728\u540c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u884c\u653f\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u201c\u4ee5\u5ba1\u5224\u6743\u4e3a\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6240\u8981\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u5ba1\u5224\u6743\uff08\u72ed\u4e49\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u6743\uff09\u5fc5\u987b\u53d7\u5230\u5ba1\u5224\u72ec\u7acb\u539f\u5219\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u800c\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u9886\u57df\u7684\u884c\u653f\u5448\u73b0\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u2026\u2026\u6b63\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u884c\u653f\u7684\u539f\u7406\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u90fd\u662f\u4ece\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u72ec\u7acb\u4fdd\u969c\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u884c\u653f\u9886\u57df\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u2026\u2026\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u884c\u653f\u9762\u5411\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u6216\u95f4\u63a5\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u5f71\u54cd\u5ba1\u5224\u6743\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff0c\u624d\u4f7f\u5f97\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u8981\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u8c03\u6574\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u5ba1\u5224\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\u3002\u201d<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn31\" title=\"_ftnref31\" name=\"_ftnref31\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[31]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u6cd5\u5b98\u4f9d\u6cd5\u72ec\u7acb\u5ba1\u5224\u539f\u5219\u4e0e\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u4e4b\u95f4\u5185\u5728\u7684\u7d27\u5f20\u5173\u7cfb\u6e90\u4e8e\u884c\u653f\u6743\u4e0e\u5ba1\u5224\u6743\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5219\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4eba\u4e8b\u884c\u653f\u6743\u4e0e\u9884\u7b97\u6743\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6cd5\u5b98\u72ec\u7acb\u5ba1\u5224\u53ef\u80fd\u6784\u6210\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u3002\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\u7684\u5f52\u5c5e\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5ba1\u5224\u72ec\u7acb\u65e0\u7591\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4ece\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\u5f52\u5c5e\u7684\u53cd\u590d\u8c03\u6574\u4e5f\u53ef\u89c1\u5176\u610f\u4e49\u91cd\u5927\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\u7684\u5f52\u5c5e\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u9009\u62e9\uff1a\u5176\u4e00\uff0c\u5f52\u5c5e\u4e8e\u884c\u653f\u673a\u5173\uff0c\u5982\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u524d\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\uff1b\u5176\u4e8c\uff0c\u5f52\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7531\u6cd5\u754c\u4eba\u58eb\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u5982<\/span><span>20<\/span><span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u53ca\u4e8c\u6218\u540e\u7684\u610f\u5927\u5229\uff1b\u5176\u4e09\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u5f52\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6700\u9ad8\u5ba1\u5224\u673a\u5173\uff0c\u5982\u4e8c\u6218\u540e\u7684\u65e5\u672c\uff1b\u5176\u56db\uff0c\u5f52\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e0d\u76f4\u63a5\u638c\u7406\u5ba1\u5224\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\uff0c\u5982\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u6bd4\u8f83\u5404\u56fd\u53f8\u6cd5\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u6b27\u9646\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\uff0c\u201c\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\u90fd\u7f6e\u4e8e\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u79d1\u5c42\u4f53\u5236\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ece\u4efb\u547d\u3001\u8fc1\u8c03\u3001\u8003\u6838\u7b49\u4eba\u4e8b\u884c\u653f\uff0c\u5230\u8d22\u653f\u4f1a\u8ba1\uff0c\u90fd\u5728\u884c\u653f\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u624b\u4e0a\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5ba1\u5224\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\uff08<\/span><span>independence<\/span><span>\uff09\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u53f8\u6cd5\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\uff08<\/span><span>autonomy<\/span><span>\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u53ea\u6709\u51b3\u5b9a\u72ec\u7acb\uff08<\/span><span>decisional independence<\/span><span>\uff09\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\uff08<\/span><span>branch independence<\/span><span>\uff09\u3002\u201d<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn32\" title=\"_ftnref32\" name=\"_ftnref32\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[32]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span>\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u4f53\u5236\u4e0b\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\u7684\u5f52\u5c5e\u975e\u5e38\u590d\u6742\uff1a\u8054\u90a6\u6cd5\u9662\u6cd5\u5b98\u7531\u603b\u7edf\u63d0\u540d\uff0c\u7ecf\u53c2\u8bae\u9662\u4ee5\u666e\u901a\u591a\u6570\u540c\u610f\u800c\u4efb\u547d\uff1b\u5404\u5dde\u6cd5\u5b98\u6709\u5dde\u957f\u4efb\u547d\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u7531\u9009\u4e3e\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u7684\u57fa\u5c42\u6cd5\u5b98\u662f\u7531\u9009\u4e3e\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\uff1b\u8054\u90a6\u548c\u5404\u5dde\u6cd5\u9662\u9884\u7b97\u7684\u4e0d\u7edf\u4e00\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u4e0d\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u5173\u952e\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6563\u6f2b\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u5f15\u53d1\u666e\u904d\u7684\u4e0d\u6ee1\uff0c\u76f4\u81f3<\/span><span>20<\/span><span>\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u56fd\u4f1a\u76f8\u7ee7\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86\u4e09\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u884c\u653f\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u662f<\/span><span>1922<\/span><span>\u5e74\u8bbe\u7acb\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u8d44\u6df1\u5de1\u56de\u6cd5\u9662\u6cd5\u5b98\u4f1a\u8bae\uff08<\/span><span>1948<\/span><span>\u5e74\u66f4\u540d\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u53f8\u6cd5\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c<\/span><span>Judicial Conference of the US<\/span><span>\uff09\uff0c<\/span><span>1939<\/span><span>\u5e74\u8bbe\u7acb\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u5c40\uff08<\/span><span>the Adminsteative Office of the US Courts<\/span><span>\uff09\uff0c<\/span><span>1967<\/span><span>\u5e74\u8bbe\u7acb\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u53f8\u6cd5\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff08<\/span><span>Federal Judicial Center<\/span><span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn33\" title=\"_ftnref33\" name=\"_ftnref33\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[33]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span>\u4e0e\u6b27\u9646\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e8e\u884c\u653f\u4f53\u7cfb\u5185\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u673a\u5173\u76f8\u8f83\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u9010\u6e10\u4ece\u6cd5\u754c\u5185\u90e8\u521b\u8bbe\u3001\u7edf\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u4f53\u5236\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u95e8\u800c\u8a00\u65e0\u7591\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u3002<\/span><span>20<\/span><span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e0b\u534a\u53f6\uff0c\u5728\u6279\u8bc4\u884c\u653f\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u6743\u529b\u8fc7\u5927\u3001\u5371\u53ca\u5ba1\u5224\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u547c\u58f0\u6e10\u9ad8\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e5f\u5f00\u59cb\u91c7\u7528\u53f8\u6cd5\u4f1a\u8bae\uff08\u53f8\u6cd5\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff09\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u4f1a\u8bae\u7531\u6cd5\u5b98\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6cd5\u754c\u4ee3\u8868\uff08\u5982\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u3001\u6cd5\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u548c\u5f8b\u5e08\uff09\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u4ece\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u95e8\u624b\u4e2d\u90e8\u5206\u63a5\u7ba1\u4e86\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\u3002\u9996\u521b\u8005\u4e3a\u6cd5\u56fd\u7b2c\u56db\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u53f8\u6cd5\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5e76\u4e0d\u6210\u529f\uff1b\u53cd\u800c\u662f\u53c2\u8003\u6cd5\u56fd\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u610f\u5927\u5229\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u660e\u663e\u6210\u6548\uff0c\u5176\u53f8\u6cd5\u4f1a\u8bae\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u5168\u90e8\u7684\u4eba\u4e8b\u884c\u653f\u6743\u3002\u5230<\/span><span>20<\/span><span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u6b27\u6d32\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5c06\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u4eba\u4e8b\u884c\u653f\u6743\u4e0e\u9884\u7b97\u6743\uff09\u7531\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u95e8\u79fb\u8f6c\u7ed9\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u3002<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn34\" title=\"_ftnref34\" name=\"_ftnref34\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[34]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u6839\u636e\u5b59\u6587\u4e94\u6743\u5baa\u6cd5\u5b66\u8bf4\uff0c\u53e6\u8f9f\u8e4a\u5883\uff0c\u5c06\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u4ece\u5bcc\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u6027\u548c\u53d8\u52a8\u6027\u7684\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u95e8\uff08\u884c\u653f\u9662\uff09\u62bd\u79bb\uff0c\u8f6c\u4ea4\u6700\u9ad8\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\uff08\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4e5f\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u6392\u9664\u653f\u6cbb\u5e72\u6270\u3001\u786e\u4fdd\u6cd5\u5b98\u72ec\u7acb\u5ba1\u5224\u7684\u8003\u91cf\uff08\u5f53\u7136\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u6c11\u521d\u5927\u7406\u9662\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u5927\u7406\u9662\u56e0\u6cbf\u9769\u548c\u6cd5\u5236\u4e0a\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u4e0e\u5185\u9601\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u5904\u4e8e\u5e73\u884c\u5730\u4f4d\uff1a\u5927\u7406\u9662\u4eba\u4e8b\u4efb\u514d\u6848\u3001\u60e9\u6212\u6848\u3001\u9884\u7b97\u6848\u867d\u7531\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u957f\u8f6c\u5448\uff0c\u4f46\u540e\u8005\u4e0d\u5f97\u62d2\u7edd\u6216\u4fee\u6539\uff1b\u5728<\/span><span>1921<\/span><span>\u5e74\u6c11\u5211\u8bc9\u8bbc\u6cd5\u9881\u5e03\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5927\u7406\u9662\u9002\u7528\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u5747\u7531\u5927\u7406\u9662\u5f00\u63a8\u4e8b\u603b\u4f1a\u81ea\u884c\u8bae\u5b9a\uff0c\u516c\u544a\u65bd\u884c\uff1b\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u6240\u9881\u884c\u884c\u653f\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u4e8e\u5927\u7406\u9662\u5411\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u6240\u6709\u5927\u7406\u9662\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u4e8b\u52a1\uff0c\u5747\u7531\u5927\u7406\u9662\u9662\u957f\u81ea\u5b9a\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u76d1\u7763\u65bd\u884c\u3002\u201d<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn35\" title=\"_ftnref35\" name=\"_ftnref35\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[35]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u8bbe\u7acb\u540e\uff0c\u5927\u7406\u9662\u57fa\u4e8e\u6700\u9ad8\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u5730\u4f4d\u6240\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u6743\uff08\u5982\u72ec\u7acb\u7684<\/span><span>\u4eba\u4e8b\u6743\u4e0e\u9884\u7b97\u6743\uff09<\/span><span>\u4e5f\u79fb\u8f6c\u7ed9\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u3002\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u5927\u7406\u9662\u9662\u52a1\u81ea\u4e3b\u6743\uff0c\u66f4\u4e00\u5ea6\u5c06\u53f8\u6cd5\uff08\u884c\u653f\uff09\u90e8\u7eb3\u5165\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u5185\uff0c\u7ba1\u8f96\u6574\u4e2a\u53f8\u6cd5\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u884c\u653f\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\u7684\u5f52\u5c5e\u5728\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u65f6\u671f\u53cd\u53cd\u590d\u590d\uff0c\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u4e89\u8bae\u4fbf\u662f\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u662f\u5426\u8981\u201c\u6700\u9ad8\u5ba1\u5224\u673a\u5173\u5316\u201d\uff08\u5373\u7531\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u3001\u526f\u9662\u957f\u76f4\u63a5\u638c\u7406\u5ba1\u5224\u4e8b\u52a1\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u201c\u6700\u9ad8\u5ba1\u5224\u673a\u5173\u5316\u201d\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u662f\u5426\u4ecd\u53ef\u540c\u65f6\u638c\u7406\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u3002\u6839\u636e<\/span><span>1947<\/span><span>\u5e74\u9881\u5e03\u7684\u300a\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u4e0e\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u5185\u8bbe\u4e09\u4e2a\u7ec8\u5ba1\u673a\u5173\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u91ca\u5baa\u673a\u5173\uff0c\u53ef\u79f0\u5f97\u4e0a\u662f\u6700\u9ad8\u5ba1\u5224\u673a\u5173\u7684\u96c6\u5408\uff1b\u9664\u4e00\u76f4\u4fdd\u6709\u7684\u9662\u52a1\u81ea\u4e3b\u6743\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u53c8\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u5404\u7ea7\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u540d\u526f\u5176\u5b9e\u7684\u201c\u6700\u9ad8\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u201d\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u6839\u636e\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u7efc\u7406\u9662\u52a1\u3001\u76d1\u7763\u6240\u5c5e\u673a\u5173\uff08\u7b2c<\/span><span>6<\/span><span>\u6761\uff09\uff1b\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u53ef\u81ea\u5b9a\u5904\u52a1\u89c4\u7a0b\uff08\u7b2c<\/span><span>12<\/span><span>\u6761\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u9010\u6e10\u53d6\u5f97\u76f8\u5173\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6848\u7684\u63d0\u6848\u6743\u548c\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u9884\u7b97\u6743\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e09\u4e2a\u6240\u5c5e\u9662\uff08\u4f1a\uff09\u4e8b\u52a1\u7531\u5176\u5404\u81ea\u9662\u957f\uff08\u59d4\u5458\u957f\uff09\u7efc\u7406\uff0c\u76f8\u5bf9\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u4f46\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u4ecd\u4fdd\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u884c\u653f\u6743\uff08\u7279\u522b\u662f\u53f8\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u8c03\u52a8\u6743\u3001\u51c6\u7acb\u6cd5\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u5236\u5b9a\u6743\u3001\u76f8\u5173\u6cd5\u5f8b\u63d0\u6848\u6743\u4e0e\u9884\u7b97\u7f16\u5217\u6743\u56db\u9879\uff09\u3002<\/span><span>1943<\/span><span>\u5e74\u4fee\u6b63\u300a\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u9ad8\u7b49\u6cd5\u9662\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6cd5\u9662\u548c\u5404\u7ea7\u68c0\u5bdf\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u9662\u957f\u671f\u96b6\u5c5e\u4e8e\u884c\u653f\u9662\u4e0b\u8bbe\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u7ba1\u8f96\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5baa\u6cd5\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u6587\u89c4\u5b9a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u638c\u7406\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u90e8\uff08\u9644\u5e26\u8fd8\u6709\u5404\u7ea7\u68c0\u5bdf\u90e8\u95e8\uff09\u81ea<\/span><span>1943<\/span><span>\u5e74\u8c03\u6574\u5212\u5f52\u884c\u653f\u9662\u4fbf\u4e00\u53bb\u4e0d\u590d\u8fd4\uff1b\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u53ea\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u5baa\u6cd5\u7b2c<\/span><span>77<\/span><span>\u6761\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u638c\u7406\u6c11\u5211\u5ba1\u5224\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u8981\u6c42\u9644\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6c11\u5211\u5ba1\u5224\u7684\u5404\u7ea7\u6cd5\u9662\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u867d\u662f\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e0a\u7684\u201c\u6700\u9ad8\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\u5374\u662f\u4e0d\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\uff0c\u4ec5\u53ca\u4e8e\u6cd5\u9662\u4f53\u7cfb\uff1b\u68c0\u5bdf\u90e8\u95e8\u5219\u5c5e\u4e8e\u884c\u653f\u9662\u4e0b\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u7ba1\u8f96\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong><span>\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u5185\u5404\u804c\u6743\u5408\u4e2d\u6709\u5206\u3001\u4e92\u76f8\u5236\u8861<\/span><span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\u5f52\u5c5e\u4e8e\u884c\u653f\u673a\u5173\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u5ba1\u5224\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u5f52\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6cd5\u9662\u5c31\u80fd\u4fdd\u8bc1\u5ba1\u5224\u72ec\u7acb\u5417\uff1f\u4ece\u6c11\u56fd\u4e94\u6743\u653f\u5e9c\u8bbe\u7acb\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4fbf\u6709\u4eba\u5bf9\u4e8e\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u5e76\u4e3a\u6700\u9ad8\u5ba1\u5224\u673a\u5173\u548c\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u673a\u5173\u5fc3\u6000\u7591\u8651\uff0c\u7acb\u6cd5\u4e0a\u4e5f\u662f\u53cd\u53cd\u590d\u590d\uff0c<\/span><span>1946<\/span><span>\u5e74\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e5f\u5e76\u672a\u7ed9\u51fa\u6700\u7ec8\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\u6bd4\u8f83\u5404\u56fd\u53f8\u6cd5\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u6781\u5c11\u6709\u6700\u9ad8\u5ba1\u5224\u673a\u5173\u517c\u7406\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\uff0c\u4e8c\u6218\u540e\u7684\u65e5\u672c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u4f8b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6548\u679c\u5e76\u4e0d\u597d\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u7531\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u517c\u7406\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\uff0c\u5c06\u4e0a\u4e0b\u7ea7\u6cd5\u9662\u95f4\u5355\u7eaf\u7684\u5ba1\u7ea7\u5173\u7cfb\u53d8\u6210\u590d\u6742\u7684\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e0b\u7ea7\u6cd5\u5b98\u4e0e\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u88c1\u5224\u5b98\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u7531\u201c\u5bf9\u8d44\u6df1\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u5c0a\u656c\u201d\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u201c\u5bf9\u4e0a\u7ea7\u957f\u5b98\u7684\u754f\u656c\u201d\uff1b\u9020\u6210\u53f8\u6cd5\u201c\u5bf9\u5916\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u5bf9\u5185\u4e0d\u72ec\u7acb\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u4e0a\u7ea7\u6cd5\u9662\u5f00\u53e3\uff0c\u4e0b\u7ea7\u6cd5\u9662\u5664\u58f0\u201d\u3002<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn36\" title=\"_ftnref36\" name=\"_ftnref36\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[36]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6700\u9ad8\u5ba1\u5224\u673a\u5173\u631f\u5176\u7ec8\u5ba1\u6743\u517c\u7406\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e0b\u7ea7\u6cd5\u5b98\u9020\u6210\u53cc\u91cd\u538b\u529b\uff0c\u5176\u5bf9\u5ba1\u5224\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5e72\u6270\uff0c\u5c24\u751a\u4e8e\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u95e8\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u4ece\u6210\u7acb\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u4ece\u672a\u5c06\u6700\u9ad8\u5ba1\u5224\u6743\u4e0e\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\u5408\u4e00\uff1b\u9664\u4e86\u4e94\u4e94\u5baa\u8349\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005\uff08\u5236\u5baa\u8005\uff09\u4e5f\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u5c06\u6700\u9ad8\u5ba1\u5224\u6743\u4e0e\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\u5206\u79bb\u3002\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u79cd\u6743\u529b\uff08\u89c4\u8303\u63a7\u5236\u6743\uff09\u4e5f\u4e00\u76f4\u4fdd\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\u3002\u638c\u63e1\u6700\u9ad8\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u957f<\/span><span>\/<\/span><span>\u526f\u9662\u957f\u4e0d\u662f\u6cd5\u5b98\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u76f4\u63a5\u884c\u4f7f\u5ba1\u5224\u6743\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u5ba1\u5224\u6743\u5206\u5c5e\u201c\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e4b\u5185\u201d\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u3001\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u9662\u4e0e\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u60e9\u6212\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u3002<\/span><span>1931<\/span><span>\u5e74\u4fee\u6b63\u300a\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u5c06\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u6700\u9ad8\u5ba1\u5224\u673a\u5173\u5316\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e27\u5931\u4e86\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\u3002\u653f\u534f\u534f\u8bae\u4e0e\u653f\u534f\u5baa\u8349\u5c06\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5176\u524d\u63d0\u4fbf\u662f\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e0d\u517c\u7ba1\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u3002<\/span><span>1947<\/span><span>\u5e74\u201c\u884c\u5baa\u201d\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u8bad\u653f\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u7edf\u4e00\u89e3\u91ca\u6cd5\u4ee4\u6743\u662f\u7531\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f<\/span><span>\/<\/span><span>\u526f\u9662\u957f\u4e0e\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5206\u4eab\uff0c\u5f7c\u6b64\u5236\u8861\uff1b\u201c\u884c\u5baa\u201d\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u7531\u7279\u8bbe\u7684\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4f1a\u8bae\u884c\u4f7f\u7edf\u4e00\u89e3\u91ca\u6cd5\u4ee4\u6743\u548c\u91ca\u5baa\u6743\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f<\/span><span>\/<\/span><span>\u526f\u9662\u957f\u5bf9\u5176\u5f71\u54cd\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u9650\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u4ece\u8bad\u653f\u65f6\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u3001\u526f\u9662\u957f\u7684\u4efb\u547d\u901a\u5e38\u90fd\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u4efb\u547d\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u662f\u6cd5\u5b98\uff0c\u4e0d\u76f4\u63a5\u638c\u7406\u5ba1\u5224\uff0c\u5728\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e0a\u6709\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u4efb\u671f\u3002\u800c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e0a\u627f\u5317\u6d0b\u65f6\u671f\u5927\u7406\u9662\uff0c\u957f\u671f\u72ec\u7acb\u638c\u7406\u6c11\u5211\u6848\u4ef6\u6700\u9ad8\u5ba1\u5224\u6743\uff1b\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u63a8\u4e8b\u662f\u6cd5\u5b98\u4e2d\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e13\u4e1a\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u76f8\u5bf9\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u6cd5\u5b98\u804c\u52a1\u53c8\u53d7\u5230\u5baa\u6cd5\u7279\u522b\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u662f\u7ec8\u8eab\u804c\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e13\u4e1a\u3001\u4f20\u7edf\u548c\u5baa\u6cd5\uff08\u6216\u5baa\u6cd5\u6027\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u5982\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u7b49\uff09\u4fdd\u969c\u957f\u671f\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5ba1\u5224\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u8f7b\u6613\u5411\u5355\u7eaf\u653f\u6cbb\u4efb\u547d\u800c\u65e0\u4e13\u4e1a\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f<\/span><span>\/<\/span><span>\u526f\u9662\u957f\u7f34\u68b0\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f<\/span><span>\/<\/span><span>\u526f\u9662\u957f\u638c\u6709\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u65e0\u6cd5\u76f4\u63a5\u63d2\u624b\u5ba1\u5224\u3002\u5e76\u975e\u804c\u4e1a\u6cd5\u5b98\u51fa\u8eab\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u957f<\/span><span>\/<\/span><span>\u526f\u9662\u957f\u4e5f\u66fe\u7ecf\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4ecb\u5165\u5ba1\u5224\u4e1a\u52a1\uff0c\u5982\u524d\u8ff0<\/span><span>1931<\/span><span>\u5e74<\/span><span>12<\/span><span>\u6708\u4fee\u6b63\u300a\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u89c4\u5b9a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u957f\u517c\u4efb\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u3001\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u526f\u9662\u957f\u517c\u4efb\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u60e9\u6212\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u59d4\u5458\u957f\uff1b\u4f46\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u65cb\u5373\u4e8e\u6b21\u5e74<\/span><span>3<\/span><span>\u6708\u4e13\u95e8\u4fee\u6b63\u300a\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e00\u201c\u5f3a\u5236\u89c4\u5b9a\u201d\u6539\u4e3a\u201c\u5f39\u6027\u89c4\u5b9a\u201d\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u539f\u56e0\u6216\u8005\u4e0e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u76f8\u5173\u89c4\u5b9a\u53d7\u5230\u62b5\u5236\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u8d2f\u5f7b\u6709\u5173\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u53ea\u662f\u63a8\u6d4b\uff0c\u524d\u8ff0<\/span><span>1947<\/span><span>\u5e74\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5168\u4f53\u63a8\u4e8b\u58f0\u660e\u53cd\u5bf9\u540c\u5e74<\/span><span>3<\/span><span>\u6708\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\u5c06\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u6cd5\u5ead\u5316\u5219\u662f\u660e\u8bc1\u4e86\u3002<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn37\" title=\"_ftnref37\" name=\"_ftnref37\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[37]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u6e05\u672b\u5211\u90e8\u6709\u201c\u4e13\u5bb6\u5f53\u5bb6\u201d\u7684\u7279\u4f8b\uff0c<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn38\" title=\"_ftnref38\" name=\"_ftnref38\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[38]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u7531<\/span><span>\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e13\u5bb6\u800c\u975e\u5211\u90e8\u6700\u9ad8\u957f\u5b98\u4e3b\u7406\u5211\u90e8\u3002<\/span><span>\u5ba1\u5224\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5e7c\u82d7\u6216\u8005\u4fbf\u5b55\u80b2\u4e8e\u6b64\u3002\u8d44\u6df1\u6cd5\u5b98\u4eec\u957f\u671f\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u653f\u6cbb\u4efb\u547d\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u3001\u526f\u9662\u957f\uff08\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\uff09\u59cb\u7ec8\u65e0\u6cd5\u771f\u6b63\u4ecb\u5165\u3001\u5e72\u6d89\u666e\u901a\u8bc9\u8bbc\u7684\u5ba1\u5224\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e5f\u672a\u80fd\u771f\u6b63\u5ba1\u5224\u673a\u5173\u5316\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span><span>    <\/span><\/span><span>\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u4f53\u5236\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\u3001\u6700\u9ad8\u5ba1\u5224\u6743\u4ee5\u53ca\u89c4\u8303\u63a7\u5236\u6743\u662f\u5408\u4e2d\u6709\u5206\uff0c\u5f7c\u6b64\u4ecd\u53d1\u6325\u4e00\u5b9a\u5236\u8861\u529f\u80fd\u3002<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn39\" title=\"_ftnref39\" name=\"_ftnref39\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[39]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e0b\u5c5e\u7684\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4f1a\u8bae\u548c\u4e09\u9662\uff08\u4f1a\uff09\u867d\u7136\u201c\u4e0a\u6234\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\uff0c\u53d7\u5176\u76d1\u7763\u201d\uff0c<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn40\" title=\"_ftnref40\" name=\"_ftnref40\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[40]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u4f46\u5c31\u5176\u804c\u6743\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5747\u5c5e\u72ec\u7acb\u3002\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\uff08\u9662\u957f\u3001\u526f\u9662\u957f\uff09\u53ea\u62e5\u6709\u4e0d\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u6216\u53ef\u52c9\u5f3a\u79f0\u4e3a\u6700\u9ad8\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u673a\u5173\uff0c\u201c\u56e0\u4e3a\u56fd\u4eba\u5584\u4e8e\u5e94\u7528\u5f52\u7eb3\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e43\u628a\u8bb8\u591a\u6027\u8d28\u4e0d\u540c\u800c\u5e94\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u88c1\u5224\u673a\u5173\u5747\u88c5\u5165\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e4b\u4e2d\u201d\uff0c<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn41\" title=\"_ftnref41\" name=\"_ftnref41\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[41]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u9020\u5c31\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e94\u6743\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e0a\u7684\u201c\u6700\u9ad8\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u201d\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u8fd9\u201c\u5305\u5c71\u5305\u6d77\u201d\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e4b\u5185\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\u4e0e\u6700\u9ad8\u5ba1\u5224\u6743\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u89c4\u8303\u63a7\u5236\u6743\uff09\u4ece\u672a\u771f\u6b63\u96c6\u4e8e\u4e00\u4f53\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u524d\u8ff0\u65e5\u672c\u6700\u9ad8\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u5927\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u5728\u4e94\u6743\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u4f53\u5236\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\u7684\u5f52\u5c5e\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u72ec\u4e00\u65e0\u4e8c\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u5728\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u5185\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\u4e0e\u5ba1\u5224\u6743\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u5b89\u6392\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u6b27\u7f8e\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u5bf9\u7167\u7684\u6837\u677f\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5374\u4e5f\u5e76\u4e0d\u8fdd\u53cd\u72ec\u7acb\u5ba1\u5224\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span> <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><strong><span><span>\u4e09\u3001<span>    <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><!--[endif]--><strong><span>\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\uff08\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\uff09\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u63a7\u5236\u6743<\/span><\/strong><strong><span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span> <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u4ece\u521b\u8bbe\u4f0a\u59cb\u4fbf\u5177\u6709\u89c4\u8303\u63a7\u5236\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u9879\u6743\u529b\u4e0a\u627f\u81ea\u5927\u7406\u9662\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u89e3\u91ca\u6cd5\u4ee4\u6743\u3002<\/span><span>1946<\/span><span>\u5e74\u5baa\u6cd5\u9881\u5e03\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u89c4\u8303\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u804c\u80fd\u8f6c\u79fb\u7ed9\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\uff0c\u5176\u804c\u6743\u8303\u56f4\u66f4\u6709\u8d28\u7684\u6269\u5145\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\uff08\u5927<\/span><span>\u6cd5\u5b98\uff09<\/span><span>\u4e8e\u7edf\u4e00\u89e3\u91ca\u6cd5\u4ee4\u6743\u4e4b\u5916\u53c8\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u5baa\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u6743\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7ec8\u6781\u89e3\u91ca\u8005\u4e0e\u5baa\u6cd5\u5b88\u62a4\u4eba\u3002<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn42\" title=\"_ftnref42\" name=\"_ftnref42\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><strong><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><strong><span>[42]<\/span><\/strong><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u5927\u7406\u9662\u4ece<\/span><span>1912<\/span><span>\u5e74\u81f3<\/span><span>1927<\/span><span>\u5e74\u5171\u5f97\u201c\u7edf\u5b57\u201d<\/span><span>2012<\/span><span>\u53f7\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u8fde\u540c\u5f80\u8fd4\u516c\u6587\u56db\u5343\u4f59\u7bc7\uff0c\u582a\u79f0\u5de8\u6784\uff1b\u5357\u4eac\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u89e3\u91ca\u81ea<\/span><span>1927<\/span><span>\u5e74<\/span><span>12<\/span><span>\u6708\u81f3<\/span><span>1928<\/span><span>\u5e74<\/span><span>11<\/span><span>\u6708\u8ba1<\/span><span>252<\/span><span>\u53f7\uff1b\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u8bbe\u7acb\u540e\uff0c\u4ece<\/span><span>1929<\/span><span>\u5e74<\/span><span>2<\/span><span>\u6708<\/span><span>16<\/span><span>\u65e5<\/span><span>\u7b2c<\/span><span>1<\/span><span>\u53f7\u89e3\u91ca\u7b97\u8d77\uff0c\u81f3<\/span><span>1948<\/span><span>\u5e74<\/span><span>7<\/span><span>\u6708<\/span><span>1<\/span><span>\u65e5<\/span><span>\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u6839\u636e\u5baa\u6cd5\u548c\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\u6539\u7ec4\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u7edf\u4e00\u89e3\u91ca\u6cd5\u4ee4\u8fbe<\/span><span>4087<\/span><span>\u4ef6\uff1b\u4ee5\u4e0a\u4e09\u8005\u8fde\u540c\u6539\u7ec4\u540e\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e4b\u201c\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4f1a\u8bae\u89e3\u91ca\u201d\u524d\u540e\u76f8\u7ee7\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u5370\u8bc1\u4e86\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u53f8\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6cd5\u6e90\u3002<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn43\" title=\"_ftnref43\" name=\"_ftnref43\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[43]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong><span>\uff08\u4e00\uff09<\/span><span> <\/span><\/strong><strong><span>\u201c\u7edf\u4e00\u89e3\u91ca\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u547d\u4ee4\u201d<\/span><span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u7edf\u4e00\u89e3\u91ca\u6cd5\u4ee4\u6743\u4e43\u4e0a\u627f\u6c11\u521d\u5927\u7406\u9662\uff0c\u662f\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7279\u6b8a\u6cd5\u5236\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002<\/span><span>\u5317\u6d0b\u653f\u5e9c\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5211\u6cd5\u4e0e\u6c11\u5546\u6cd5\u5178\u5747\u672a\u9881\u5e03\uff0c\u524a\u8db3\u9002\u5c65\u5730\u201c\u6682\u884c\u201d\u63f4\u7528\u524d\u6e05\u6cd5\u5236\uff0c\u5fc5\u5c06\u53d1\u751f\u7591\u4e49\u3002\u5927\u7406\u9662\u901a\u8fc7\u884c\u4f7f\u6700\u9ad8\u5ba1\u5224\u6743\u548c\u6cd5\u4ee4\u7edf\u4e00\u89e3\u91ca\u6743\uff0c\u4f5c\u6210\u5224\u4f8b\u548c\u89e3\u91ca\u4f8b\uff0c<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn44\" title=\"_ftnref44\" name=\"_ftnref44\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[44]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u5404\u6cd5\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u7565\u5177\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u5f62\u540c\u9020\u6cd5\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5230\u4e86<\/span><span>1927<\/span><span>\u5e74\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u5b9a\u90fd\u5357\u4eac\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5927\u7406\u9662\u5224\u4f8b\u548c\u89e3\u91ca\u4f8b\u9664\u4e86\u4e0e\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u660e\u663e\u62b5\u89e6\u8005\u5916\uff0c\u4ecd\u5f97\u4ee5\u7ee7\u7eed\u6cbf\u7528\u3002\u5927\u7406\u9662\u884c\u4f7f\u7edf\u4e00\u89e3\u91ca\u6cd5\u4ee4\u6743\u524d\u540e\u8fbe<\/span><span>16<\/span><span>\u5e74\uff0c\u800c\u5317\u6d0b\u65f6\u671f\u6b63\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5927\u53d8\u9769\u7684\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7591\u4e49\u751a\u591a\uff0c\u201c\u5927\u7406\u9662\u4e4b\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e0d\u538c\u957f\u7bc7\u7d2f\u724d\uff0c\u8bba\u8ff0\u5b66\u7406\uff0c\u5370\u8bc1\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u5907\u6781\u7cbe\u8be6\u3002\u201d<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn45\" title=\"_ftnref45\" name=\"_ftnref45\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[45]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span>\u201c\u5927\u7406\u9662\u53c8\u6709\u6700\u9ad8\u5ba1\u5224\u7684\u6743\u9650\u4ee5\u4e3a\u8d2f\u5f7b\u6cd5\u4ee4\u95f4\u63a5\u7684\u540e\u76fe\uff0c\u6545\u6b64\u79cd\u6743\u9650\u5b9e\u8db3\u589e\u957f\u5927\u7406\u9662\u7684\u5b9e\u529b\uff1b\u800c\u5927\u7406\u9662\u89e3\u91ca\u4f8b\u5168\u56fd\u4ea6\u5747\u5949\u4e3a\u572d\u81ec\uff0c\u7528\u4f5c\u51c6\u7ef3\u3002\u201d<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn46\" title=\"_ftnref46\" name=\"_ftnref46\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[46]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u8bad\u653f\u65f6\u671f\u7531\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u4eb2\u81ea\u4e3b\u6301\u7edf\u4e00\u89e3\u91ca\u6cd5\u4ee4\u548c\u53d8\u66f4\u5224\u4f8b\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u540d\u4e49\u516c\u5e03\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u4f9d<\/span><span>1928<\/span><span>\u5e74\u300a\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c<\/span><span>3<\/span><span>\u6761\uff0c\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u7ecf\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u53ca\u6240\u5c5e\u5404\u5ead\u5ead\u957f\u4f1a\u8bae\u8bae\u51b3\u540e\uff0c\u884c\u4f7f\u7edf\u4e00\u89e3\u91ca\u6cd5\u4ee4\u53ca\u53d8\u66f4\u5224\u4f8b\u4e4b\u6743\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u957f\u4e3a\u524d\u9879\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e3b\u5e2d\u201d\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u662f\u4ee5\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u884c\u4f7f\u7edf\u4e00\u89e3\u91ca\u6cd5\u4ee4\u6743\u3002\u6839\u636e<\/span><span>1929<\/span><span>\u5e74<\/span><span>1<\/span><span>\u6708\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u7edf\u4e00\u89e3\u91ca\u6cd5\u4ee4\u53ca\u53d8\u66f4\u5224\u4f8b\u89c4\u5219\u300b\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7b80\u79f0\u300a\u89c4\u5219\u300b\uff09\uff0c\u8bad\u653f\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u5236\u5ea6\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn47\" title=\"_ftnref47\" name=\"_ftnref47\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[47]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong><span>1<\/span><\/strong><strong><span>\uff0e\u7533\u8bf7\u6761\u4ef6<\/span><span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u7533\u8bf7\u4eba\u4e3a\u516c\u7f72\u3001\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u6216\u8ba4\u8bb8\u4e4b\u516c\u6cd5\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u4ee5\u4e2a\u4eba\u8d44\u683c\u8bf7\u6c42\u6216\u7ecf\u7531\u516c\u7f72\u8f6c\u8bf7\uff08\u300a\u89c4\u5219\u300b\u7b2c<\/span><span>3<\/span><span>\u6761\u7b2c<\/span><span>1<\/span><span>\u9879\uff09\uff0c<\/span><span>1944<\/span><span>\u5e74\u4fee\u6b63\u4e3a\u4ee5\u516c\u7f72\u4e3a\u9650\u3002\u7533\u8bf7\u4e8b\u7531\u987b\u4e3a\u4e0e\u7533\u8bf7\u4eba\u804c\u6743\u6709\u5173\u7684\u6cd5\u4ee4\u6709\u7591\u4e49\uff0c\u4e14\u987b\u4e3a\u62bd\u8c61\u4e4b\u7591\u95ee\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u7f57\u5217\u5177\u4f53\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002\uff08\u300a\u89c4\u5219\u300b\u7b2c<\/span><span>3<\/span><span>\u6761\u7b2c<\/span><span>1<\/span><span>\u9879\u540e\u6bb5\u53ca\u7b2c<\/span><span>2<\/span><span>\u9879\uff09<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong><span>2<\/span><\/strong><strong><span>\uff0e\u89e3\u91ca\u7a0b\u5e8f<\/span><span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u89e3\u91ca\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u79cd\uff1a\u5176\u4e00\uff0c\u4e66\u9762\u8bae\u51b3\uff1b\u5176\u4e8c\uff0c\u4f1a\u8bae\u8bae\u51b3\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u7531\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u5c06\u7533\u8bf7\u53d1\u4ea4\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\uff0c\u7531\u5176\u5206\u522b\u6c11\u5211\u4e8b\u7c7b\u3001\u5206\u914d\u6c11\u4e8b\u5ead\u6216\u5211\u4e8b\u5ead\u5ead\u957f\u62df\u5177\u89e3\u7b54\u6848\uff08\u300a\u89c4\u5219\u300b\u7b2c<\/span><span>4<\/span><span>\u6761\uff09\u3002\u76f8\u5173\u5ead\u957f\u62df\u5177\u89e3\u7b54\u6848\u540e\uff0c\u5e94\u5f81\u6c42\u5404\u5ead\u5ead\u957f\u610f\u89c1\uff08\u89c4\u5219\u7b2c<\/span><span>5<\/span><span>\u6761\uff09\u3002\u7ecf\u5404\u5ead\u5ead\u957f\u7b7e\u6ce8\u610f\u89c1\u540e\uff0c\u590d\u7ecf\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u8d5e\u540c\u8005\uff0c\u7531\u5176\u5448\u9001\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u6838\u9605\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u4ea6\u8d5e\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u8be5\u89e3\u7b54\u6848\u5373\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7edf\u4e00\u89e3\u91ca\u6cd5\u4ee4\u4f1a\u8bae\u8bae\u51b3\u6848\uff08\u300a\u89c4\u5219\u300b\u7b2c<\/span><span>6<\/span><span>\u6761\uff09\u3002\u662f\u4e3a\u4e66\u9762\u8bae\u51b3\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u5728\u76f8\u5173\u5ead\u957f\u62df\u5177\u7684\u89e3\u7b54\u6848\u6709\u7591\u4e49\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u4f1a\u8bae\u8bae\u51b3\u3002\u82e5\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u6216\u8fc7\u534a\u6570\u4e4b\u5ead\u957f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u89e3\u7b54\u6848\u6709\u7591\u4e49\uff0c\u7531\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u53ec\u96c6\u7edf\u4e00\u89e3\u91ca\u6cd5\u4ee4\u4f1a\u8bae\uff1b\u867d\u7136\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u53ca\u5ead\u957f\u5bf9\u89e3\u7b54\u6848\u65e0\u7591\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6709\u7591\u4e49\u65f6\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u4ea6\u5f97\u53ec\u96c6\u4e4b\uff08\u300a\u89c4\u5219\u300b\u7b2c<\/span><span>7<\/span><span>\u6761\uff09\u3002\u7edf\u4e00\u89e3\u91ca\u6cd5\u4ee4\u4f1a\u8bae\u4ee5\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u3001\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u53ca\u5404\u5ead\u5ead\u957f\u7ec4\u6210\uff1b\u4f1a\u8bae\u4ee5\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u4e3a\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u6709\u4e8b\u6545\u65f6\uff0c\u7531\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u526f\u9662\u957f\u4ee3\u884c\u4e4b\uff0c\u82e5\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u526f\u9662\u957f\u4ea6\u6709\u4e8b\u6545\u65f6\uff0c\u7531\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u4ee3\u884c\u4e4b\u3002\u5f00\u4f1a\u65f6\uff0c\u5e94\u7531\u4e0a\u5f00\u4eba\u5458\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e8c\u51fa\u5e2d\uff0c\u51fa\u5e2d\u4eba\u5458\u8fc7\u534a\u6570\u4e4b\u7edf\u4e00\uff0c\u59cb\u5f97\u8bae\u51b3\uff1b\u5982\u53ef\u5426\u540c\u6570\uff0c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff08\u300a\u89c4\u5219\u300b\u7b2c<\/span><span>8<\/span><span>\u6761\uff09\u3002\u5982\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u5bf9\u8bae\u51b3\u6848\u5c1a\u6709\u7591\u4e49\uff0c\u5f97\u53ec\u96c6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5168\u4f53\u6cd5\u5b98\u52a0\u5165\u4f1a\u8bae\u590d\u8bae\u4e4b\u3002\u590d\u8bae\u65f6\u4ee5\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u3001\u5ead\u957f\u53ca\u5168\u4f53\u6cd5\u5b98\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e8c\u51fa\u5e2d\uff0c\u51fa\u5e2d\u4eba\u5458\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e8c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8bae\u51b3\u4e4b\uff08\u300a\u89c4\u5219\u300b\u7b2c<\/span><span>9<\/span><span>\u6761\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\u660e\u786e\u4ee5\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u884c\u4f7f\u89e3\u91ca\u6743\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u300a\u89c4\u5219\u300b\u8be6\u7ec6\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u884c\u4f7f\u89e3\u91ca\u6743\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3002\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f<\/span><span>\/<\/span><span>\u526f\u9662\u957f\u4e0e\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5206\u4eab\u6cd5\u4ee4\u7edf\u4e00\u89e3\u91ca\u6743\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f<\/span><span>\/<\/span><span>\u526f\u9662\u957f\u4eab\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6743\u548c\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u5426\u51b3\u6743\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u3001\u5ead\u957f\u5177\u4f53\u8d1f\u8d23\u89e3\u91ca\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5168\u4f53\u63a8\u4e8b\u4eab\u6709\u590d\u8bae\u8868\u51b3\u6743\uff0c\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e92\u76f8\u5236\u8861\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9996\u957f\u8d1f\u8d23\u3001\u4e13\u4e1a\u5206\u5de5\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u8868\u51b3\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u4e0e\u5317\u6d0b\u65f6\u671f\u5927\u7406\u9662\u957f\u76f8\u8f83\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f<\/span><span>\/<\/span><span>\u526f\u9662\u957f\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u6743\u529b\u662f\u6bd4\u8f83\u5c0f\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u6216\u8005\u4e0e\u5176\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u4efb\u547d\u3001\u5e76\u975e\u804c\u4e1a\u6cd5\u5b98\uff0c\u5728\u4e1a\u52a1\u4e0a\u5904\u4e8e\u52a3\u52bf\u6709\u5173\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>1947<\/span><span>\u5e74\u300a\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u548c\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\u9881\u5e03\u3001\u65bd\u884c\u540e\uff0c\u5219\u8f6c\u7531\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4f1a\u8bae\u884c\u4f7f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u547d\u4ee4\u89e3\u91ca\u6743\uff0c\u7533\u8bf7\u89e3\u91ca\u6848\u8f6e\u7531\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5ba1\u67e5\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u5ba1\u67e5\u62a5\u544a\u7531\u5168\u4f53\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5171\u540c\u5ba1\u67e5\uff0c\u518d\u7531\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4f1a\u8bae\u8bae\u51b3\uff0c\u5176\u7a0b\u5e8f\u8be6\u89c1\u540e\u8ff0\u91ca\u5baa\u5236\u5ea6\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong><span>\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u201c\u89e3\u91ca\u5baa\u6cd5\u201d<\/span><span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong><span>1<\/span><\/strong><strong><span>\uff0e\u91ca\u5baa\u6a21\u5f0f\u6bd4\u8f83<\/span><span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u6bd4\u8f83\u897f\u65b9\u5404\u56fd\u91ca\u5baa\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u56e0\u4e3a\u8bae\u4f1a\u81f3\u4e0a\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u7531\u8bae\u4f1a\u89e3\u91ca\u5baa\u6cd5\uff1b\u7f8e\u56fd\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u662f\u7531\u5404\u7ea7\u6cd5\u9662\u5206\u6563\u884c\u4f7f\u7684\u9488\u5bf9\u5177\u4f53\u4e2a\u6848\u7684\u8fdd\u5baa\u5ba1\u67e5\u5236\u5ea6\uff1b\u6cd5\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e94\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u6bd4\u8f83\u7279\u6b8a\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u7531\u603b\u7edf\u3001\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u3001\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u5404\u81ea\u63a8\u9009\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u4e0e\u524d\u4efb\u603b\u7edf\u5171\u540c\u7ec4\u6210\u201c\u5baa\u6cd5\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u201d\uff08<\/span><span>Conseil constitutionnel<\/span><span>\uff09\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9881\u5e03\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u6cd5\u6848\u8fdb\u884c\u4e8b\u5148\u5ba1\u67e5\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u96c6\u4e2d\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u8fdd\u5baa\u5ba1\u67e5\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5219\u59cb\u4e8e\u6b27\u9646\u5fb7\u8bed\u7cfb\u5404\u90a6\uff0c\u5176\u96cf\u5f62\u662f<\/span><span>18<\/span><span>\u3001<\/span><span>19<\/span><span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\u5b9e\u884c\u541b\u4e3b\u7acb\u5baa\u5236\u5ea6\u5404\u90a6\u7684\u201c\u56fd\u4e8b\u6cd5\u9662\u201d\uff08<\/span><span>Staatsgerichtshof<\/span><span>\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u6743\u9650\u662f\u89e3\u51b3\u201c\u673a\u5173\u4e89\u8bae\u201d\uff08<\/span><span>Organstreit<\/span><span>\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5b9e\u9645\u53d1\u6325\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u6781\u5176\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u653f\u6cbb\u9014\u5f84\u89e3\u51b3\u4e89\u8bae\u3002\u9664\u4e0a\u8ff0\u89e3\u51b3\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u673a\u5173\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u673a\u5236\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u795e\u5723\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u548c\u5965\u5308\u5e1d\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4e3a\u89e3\u51b3\u8054\u90a6\u4e0e\u90a6\u7684\u5782\u76f4\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86\u517c\u5177\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u53f8\u6cd5\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u673a\u5236\uff08<\/span><span>Reichskammergericht<\/span><span>\uff09\uff0c<\/span><span>1919<\/span><span>\u5e74\u300a\u9b4f\u739b\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c<\/span><span>13<\/span><span>\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u6700\u9ad8\u56fd\u5bb6\u6cd5\u9662\u201d\uff08<\/span><span>Reichsgericht<\/span><span>\uff09\u4e5f\u662f\u53d7\u6b64\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\u662f\u6210\u7acb\u4e8e<\/span><span>1920<\/span><span>\u5e74\u7684\u5965\u5730\u5229\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c\u4f46\u53d7\u51ef\u5c14\u68ee\uff08<\/span><span>Hans Kelsen<\/span><span>\uff09\u7406\u8bba\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\u4e0e\u5177\u4f53\u6848\u4ef6\u5b8c\u5168\u62bd\u79bb\uff0c\u4ec5\u62bd\u8c61\u5730\u5ba1\u67e5\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u5408\u5baa\u6027\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u5bf9\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u5185\u5bb9\u4f5c\u5224\u65ad\u3002\u5176\u529f\u80fd\u4e0d\u5728\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e2a\u4eba\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u7ef4\u7cfb\u5baa\u6cd5\u6240\u5b9a\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u4e0e\u90a6\u7684\u6743\u9650\u5206\u914d\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn48\" title=\"_ftnref48\" name=\"_ftnref48\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[48]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u529f\u80fd\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u62bd\u8c61\u91ca\u5baa\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u8303\u4f8b\uff0c\u5219\u9996\u63a8\u4e8c\u6218\u4ee5\u540e\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd\u57fa\u672c\u6cd5\u8bbe\u7acb\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5141\u8bb8\u653f\u5e9c\u673a\u5173\u7533\u8bf7\u91ca\u5baa\uff0c\u4e5f\u53d7\u7406\u516c\u6c11\u4e2a\u4eba\u63d0\u8d77\u5baa\u6cd5\u8bc9\u8bbc\u3002\u5b83\u7531\u4e13\u4efb\u6cd5\u5b98\u7ec4\u6210\u4e24\u4e2a\u6cd5\u5ead\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5ead\u804c\u8d23\u662f\u5ba1\u7406\u516c\u6c11\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u53d7\u5230\u4fb5\u5bb3\u7684\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u53d7\u7406\u653f\u515a\u8fdd\u5baa\u6848\u548c\u9009\u4e3e\u8bc9\u8bbc\uff0c\u5ba1\u67e5\u6cd5\u5f8b\u662f\u5426\u8fdd\u5baa\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5ead\u5219\u4e3b\u8981\u89e3\u51b3\u673a\u5173\u4e89\u8bae\u3002<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn49\" title=\"_ftnref49\" name=\"_ftnref49\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[49]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u5f52\u7eb3\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u91ca\u5baa\u673a\u6784\u4f9d\u5176\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u53ef\u5206\u4e3a\u56db\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a\u5176\u4e00\uff0c\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u8fdb\u884c\u89e3\u91ca\uff08\u5178\u578b\u5982\u82f1\u56fd\uff09\uff1b\u5176\u4e8c\uff0c\u5404\u7ea7\u6cd5\u9662\u9488\u5bf9\u4e2a\u6848\u8fdb\u884c\u53f8\u6cd5\u5ba1\u67e5\uff08\u5178\u578b\u5982\u7f8e\u56fd\uff09\uff1b\u5176\u4e09\uff0c\u7279\u8bbe\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\uff08\u6216\u7c7b\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u5baa\u6cd5\u88c1\u5224\uff08\u5982\u5fb7\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\u6a21\u5f0f\uff09\uff1b\u5176\u56db\uff0c\u7279\u8bbe\u653f\u6cbb\u673a\u6784\u5bf9\u6cd5\u6848\u8fdb\u884c\u4e8b\u5148\u5ba1\u67e5\uff08\u5178\u578b\u662f\u6cd5\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u56de\u987e\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u5236\u5baa\u53f2\uff0c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u56db\u79cd\u91ca\u5baa\u5236\u5ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e00\u4e00\u627e\u5230\u5bf9\u5e94\uff1a<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn50\" title=\"_ftnref50\" name=\"_ftnref50\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[50]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> 1912<\/span><span>\u5e74\u738b\u5ba0\u60e0\u4e2a\u4eba\u8349\u62df\u5baa\u8349\u91c7\u7528\u6cd5\u9662\u5206\u6563\u91ca\u5baa\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u660e\u663e\u662f\u4eff\u6548\u7f8e\u56fd\uff1b\u5929\u575b\u5baa\u8349\u548c\u66f9\u7428\u5baa\u6cd5\u5219\u89c4\u5b9a\u7531\u56fd\u4f1a\u7ec4\u6210\u5baa\u6cd5\u4f1a\u8bae\u91ca\u5baa\uff0c\u91c7\u82f1\u56fd\u8bae\u4f1a\u91ca\u5baa\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1b\u4e94\u4e94\u5baa\u8349\u65f6\u671f\u5434\u7ecf\u718a\u4e2a\u4eba\u8bd5\u62df\u7a3f\u8bbe\u56fd\u4e8b\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u90e8\u5206\u4e60\u81ea\u5965\u5730\u5229\uff1b\u5f20\u77e5\u672c\u8bd5\u62df\u7a3f\u5219\u4ea4\u7531\u56fd\u6c11\u5927\u4f1a\uff0c\u662f\u7531\u5b59\u6587\u5b66\u8bf4\u6240\u8c13\u653f\u6743\u673a\u5173\uff08\u4e3b\u6743\u673a\u5173\uff09\u91ca\u5baa\uff1b\u4e94\u4e94\u5baa\u8349\u89c4\u5b9a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u91ca\u5baa\uff0c\u653f\u534f\u5baa\u8349\u4ea6\u7136\uff0c\u4f46\u4e8c\u8005\u6240\u8c13\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u7ec4\u6210\u4e0d\u540c\uff1b\u671f\u6210\u5baa\u8349\u5219\u89c4\u5b9a\u7531\u56fd\u6c11\u5927\u4f1a\u8bae\u653f\u4f1a\uff08\u56fd\u5927\u5e38\u8bbe\u673a\u6784\uff09\u3001\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u3001\u76d1\u5bdf\u9662\u5404\u63a8\u4e09\u4eba\u7ec4\u6210\u5baa\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u91ca\u5baa\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u7279\u8bbe\u653f\u6cbb\u673a\u6784\u91ca\u5baa\u3002\u300a\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u548c\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\u6700\u540e\u786e\u7acb\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5728\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u529f\u80fd\u4e0a\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e8e\u5fb7\u56fd<\/span><span>1951<\/span><span>\u5e74\u8bbe\u7acb\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c\u662f\u7531\u7279\u8bbe\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff08\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4f1a\u8bae\uff09\u91ca\u5baa\uff0c\u201c\u517c\u5177\u53f8\u6cd5\u91ca\u5baa\u548c\u4e13\u95e8\u673a\u6784\u91ca\u5baa\u4e24\u79cd\u5236\u5ea6\u4e4b\u7cbe\u795e\u201d\uff0c\u5176\u8bbe\u7acb\u5219\u65e9\u4e8e\u5fb7\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u5236\u5ea6\u521b\u65b0\u3002<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn51\" title=\"_ftnref51\" name=\"_ftnref51\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[51]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong><span>2<\/span><\/strong><strong><span>\uff0e\u5177\u4f53\u5236\u5ea6<\/span><span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u5173\u4e8e\u5f53\u9009\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u8d44\u683c\uff0c<\/span><span>1947<\/span><span>\u5e74<\/span><span>12<\/span><span>\u6708\u4fee\u6b63\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u201c\u4e00\u3001\u66fe\u4efb\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u63a8\u4e8b\u5341\u5e74\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8005\uff1b\u4e8c\u3001\u66fe\u4efb\u7acb\u6cd5\u59d4\u5458\u4e5d\u5e74\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8005\uff1b\u4e09\u3001\u66fe\u4efb\u5927\u5b66\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b66\u4e3b\u8981\u79d1\u76ee\u6559\u6388\u5341\u5e74\u4ee5\u4e0a\u8005\uff1b\u56db\u3001\u66fe\u4efb\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u9662\u6cd5\u5b98\uff0c\u6216\u6709\u516c\u6cd5\u5b66\u6216\u6bd4\u8f83\u6cd5\u5b66\u4e4b\u6743\u5a01\u8457\u4f5c\u8005\uff1b\u4e94\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u6cd5\u5b66\uff0c\u5bcc\u6709\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u58f0\u8a89\u5353\u8457\u8005\u3002\u5177\u6709\u524d\u9879\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u6b3e\u8d44\u683c\u4e4b\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\uff0c\u603b\u6570\u4e0d\u5f97\u8d85\u8fc7\u603b\u540d\u989d\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u201d<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn52\" title=\"_ftnref52\" name=\"_ftnref52\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[52]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span>\u4ee5\u4e0a\u4e94\u79cd\u5f53\u9009\u8d44\u683c\uff0c\u4e00\u3001\u4e09\u3001\u56db\u9879\u90fd\u662f\u8d44\u6df1\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff08\u6cd5\u5b66\uff09\u4eba\u58eb\uff0c\u800c\u5b9e\u9645\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e0a\u6781\u5c11\u6709\u4eba\u4ee5\u4e8c\u3001\u4e94\u4e24\u9879\u8d44\u683c\u5f53\u9009\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6392\u9664\u4e86\u975e\u4e13\u4e1a\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5e72\u6270\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u4e86\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u6027\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u91ca\u5baa\u6743\u4e0e\u7edf\u4e00\u89e3\u91ca\u6cd5\u4ee4\u6743\u5747\u7531\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4ee5\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u638c\u7406\uff0c\u5176\u89e3\u91ca\u7a0b\u5e8f\u57fa\u672c\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u4f9d\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c<\/span><span>3<\/span><span>\u6761\u7b2c<\/span><span>2<\/span><span>\u9879\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u4e3a\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff0c\u800c\u4f9d\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662<\/span><span>1948<\/span><span>\u5e74<\/span><span>9<\/span><span>\u6708\u81ea\u5b9a\u7684\u300a\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4f1a\u8bae\u89c4\u5219\u300b\u7b2c<\/span><span>11<\/span><span>\u6761\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u957f\u56e0\u4e8b\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3b\u6301\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4f1a\u8bae\u65f6\uff0c\u7531\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4e92\u63a8\u4e00\u4eba\u4e3a\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff1b\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4f1a\u8bae\u63a5\u53d7\u89e3\u91ca\u7533\u8bf7\u540e\uff0c\u5148\u4f9d\u6b21\u8f6e\u4ea4\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4e00\u4eba\u5ba1\u67e5\uff0c\u518d\u7531\u5168\u4f53\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5171\u540c\u5ba1\u67e5\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u63d0\u62a5\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4f1a\u8bae\u5904\u7406\u3002<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn53\" title=\"_ftnref53\" name=\"_ftnref53\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[53]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u5168\u4f53\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5ba1\u67e5\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u518d\u63d0\u4ea4\u7531\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4f1a\u8bae\uff08\u5176\u6210\u5458\u4e3a\u5168\u4f53\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\uff0c\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u62c5\u4efb\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e3b\u5e2d\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u957f\uff09\u5ba1\u8bae\uff1b\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u957f\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u5e76\u4e3a\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\uff0c\u5219\u5728\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u8868\u51b3\u6743\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u9690\u542b\u7740\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u96c6\u4f53\u62b5\u5236\u5355\u7eaf\u653f\u6cbb\u4efb\u547d\u3001\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4e13\u4e1a\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\uff08\u6216\u526f\u9662\u957f\uff09\u4ee5\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e3b\u5e2d\u8eab\u4efd\u63d2\u624b\u89e3\u91ca\u6743\u884c\u4f7f\u7684\u610f\u601d\u3002\u4e0e\u4e0a\u8ff0<\/span><span>1947<\/span><span>\u5e74\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5168\u4f53\u63a8\u4e8b\u96c6\u4f53\u62b5\u5236\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u6539\u5236\u76f8\u8f83\uff0c\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u8868\u73b0\u5f97\u6beb\u4e0d\u900a\u8272\uff0c\u4e14\u66f4\u5177\u7b56\u7565\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong><span>\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u89e3\u91ca\u6cd5\u4ee4\u6743\u4e0e\u91ca\u5baa\u6743\u7684\u6b64\u6d88\u5f7c\u6da8<\/span><span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u8d77\u521d\uff0c\u5ba1\u5224\u6743\u4e0e\u89e3\u91ca\u6743\u76f8\u8f83\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u66f4\u770b\u91cd\u5ba1\u5224\u6743\uff1b\u6cd5\u4ee4\u89e3\u91ca\u6743\u4e0e\u5baa\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u6743\u76f8\u6bd4\u5219\u66f4\u91cd\u524d\u8005\u3002\u6709\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\u89e3\u91ca\u5de5\u4f5c\u592a\u5c11\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u4e13\u8bbe\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\uff0c\u201c\u884c\u5baa\u201d\u540e\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u201c\u8d70\u4e86\u6837\u5b50\u201d\uff0c\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u201c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5931\u53bb\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4e14\u4ea6\u53d8\u4e3a\u65e0\u4e8b\u53ef\u505a\u4e4b\u2018\u95f2\u5458\u2019\u3001\u2018\u8d58\u5b98\u2019\u4e86\u3002\u201d<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn54\" title=\"_ftnref54\" name=\"_ftnref54\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[54]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u6cd5\u4ee4\u89e3\u91ca\u6743\u7531\u5927\u7406\u9662\u3001\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u5148\u540e\u884c\u4e4b\u6709\u5e74\uff0c\u6bd4\u8f83\u5b9e\u5728\uff1b\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u91ca\u5baa\u6743\u662f\u5168\u65b0\u7684\uff0c\u53c8\u5bb9\u6613\u53d7\u5230\u653f\u6cbb\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u6cd5\u9662\u521b\u7acb\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u6210\u529f\u7684\u8303\u4f8b\u53ef\u8d44\u4eff\u6548\uff0c\u4e0d\u514d\u4ee4\u4eba\u6000\u7591\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u89e3\u91ca\u6cd5\u4ee4\u6743\u5fc5\u5c06\u6e10\u8d8b\u9650\u7f29\u3002\u8bad\u653f\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5f53\u65f6\u516d\u6cd5\u4e0d\u5907\uff0c\u6cd5\u5b98\u7d20\u8d28\u4e0d\u9ad8\uff0c\u201c\u89e3\u91ca\u673a\u5173\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u4e0e\u5ba1\u5224\u673a\u5173\u5206\u522b\u7528\u62bd\u8c61\u89e3\u91ca\u548c\u5177\u4f53\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u6765\u6ee1\u8db3\u79fb\u690d\u897f\u65b9\u6cd5\u5236\u521d\u671f\u2018\u6cd5\u5f8b\u63a7\u5236\u2019\u7684\u5f3a\u70c8\u9700\u8981\u3002\u201d<\/span><span> <\/span><span>\u800c\u968f\u7740\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u5b8c\u5907\u548c\u53f8\u6cd5\u4eba\u5458\u603b\u4f53\u7d20\u8d28\u7684\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u5fc5\u5c06\u7531\u201c\u89e3\u91ca\u6307\u5bfc\u201d\u8fc7\u6e21\u5230\u201c\u72ec\u7acb\u5ba1\u5224\u201d\uff1b\u89e3\u91ca\u673a\u5173\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u89e3\u91ca\u201c\u75c5\u4e8e\u7a7a\u758f\u3001\u50f5\u786c\uff0c\u9010\u6e10\u88ab\u5177\u4f53\u89e3\u91ca\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u5224\u4f8b\u4ee3\u66ff\u3002\u201d<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn55\" title=\"_ftnref55\" name=\"_ftnref55\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[55]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u518d\u6709\uff0c\u8bad\u653f\u65f6\u671f\u662f\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f<\/span><span>\/<\/span><span>\u526f\u9662\u957f\u4e0e\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5171\u4eab\u7edf\u4e00\u89e3\u91ca\u6cd5\u4ee4\u6743\uff0c\u201c\u884c\u5baa\u201d\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4e0d\u76f4\u63a5\u638c\u7406\u6c11\u4e8b\u3001\u5211\u4e8b\u3001\u884c\u653f\u5ba1\u5224\uff0c\u5374\u4e13\u6709\u7edf\u4e00\u89e3\u91ca\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u547d\u4ee4\u4e4b\u6743\uff0c\u8fd9\u6781\u5bb9\u6613\u4e0e\uff08\u6c11\u5211\u4e8b\uff09\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u3001\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u9662\u4e4b\u5224\u4f8b\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c1\u89e3\u53d1\u751f\u91cd\u53e0\u548c\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u5728\u7edf\u4e00\u89e3\u91ca\u6cd5\u4ee4\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u81ea\u6211\u6291\u5236\uff0c\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u4f24\u5bb3\u5230\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e0e\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u3002<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn56\" title=\"_ftnref56\" name=\"_ftnref56\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[56]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4f1a\u8bae\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u547d\u4ee4\u63a7\u5236\u4e0a\u53ef\u8d44\u53d1\u6325\u529f\u80fd\u4e4b\u5904\u9010\u6e10\u9650\u7f29\u4e8e\u8865\u5145\u5ba1\u5224\u673a\u5173\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u7edf\u4e00\u591a\u5143\u88c1\u5224\u4f53\u5236\u4e0b\u4e0d\u540c\u88c1\u5224\u673a\u5173\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c1\u89e3\uff0c\u4ee5\u534f\u8c03\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u3001\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u9662\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u548c\u6d88\u6781\u88c1\u5224\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u4f46\u53c2\u8003\u5fb7\u56fd\u201c\u6700\u9ad8\u7ea7\u6cd5\u9662\u8054\u5408\u5ead\u201d\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u8be5\u51b2\u7a81\u89e3\u51b3\u673a\u6784\u4ece<\/span><span>1968<\/span><span>\u5e74\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5230<\/span><span>1982<\/span><span>\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u53ea\u505a\u6210<\/span><span>13<\/span><span>\u4ef6\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u53ef\u89c1\u5b9e\u9645\u9700\u8981\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u9650\u3002<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn57\" title=\"_ftnref57\" name=\"_ftnref57\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[57]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u81f3\u4e8e\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u91ca\u5baa\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u5219\u6e10\u8d8b\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span> <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><strong><span><span>\u56db\u3001<span>    <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><!--[endif]--><strong><span>\u591a\u5143\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u5ba1\u5224\u4f53\u7cfb<\/span><\/strong><strong><span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span> <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u6bd4\u8f83\u5404\u56fd\u53f8\u6cd5\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u5ba1\u5224\u4f53\u7cfb\u6709\u4e00\u5143\u548c\u591a\u5143\u4e4b\u5206\u3002\u82f1\u7f8e\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u5143\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u5373\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8bc9\u8bbc\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e0d\u5206\u6c11\u5211\u3001\u884c\u653f\u6216\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e89\u8bbc\uff0c\u5747\u7531\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ba1\u8f96\uff0c\u5176\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u201c\u6700\u9ad8\u201d\u7684\u5ba1\u5224\u673a\u5173\uff08\u7ec8\u5ba1\u673a\u5173\uff09\u3002\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\u6b27\u9646\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u5219\u662f\u666e\u901a\u6c11\u5211\u8bc9\u8bbc\u4e0e\u884c\u653f\u8bc9\u8bbc\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u8bc9\u8bbc\u591a\u5143\u5e76\u884c\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u5982\u6cd5\u56fd\u4fbf\u662f\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u9662\u4e0e\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u9662\u5e76\u884c\uff0c\u66f4\u5178\u578b\u7684\u662f\u5fb7\u56fd\u3002\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u6c11\u5211\u8bc9\u8bbc\u7531\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u9662\u7ba1\u8f96\uff0c\u7ec8\u5ba1\u673a\u5173\u4e3a\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\uff1b\u800c\u884c\u653f\u8bc9\u8bbc\u7531\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u9662\u7ba1\u8f96\uff0c\u8d22\u7a0e\u4e89\u8bbc\u7531\u8d22\u52a1\u6cd5\u9662\u7ba1\u8f96\uff0c\u52b3\u5de5\u8bc9\u8bbc\u7531\u52b3\u5de5\u6cd5\u9662\u7ba1\u8f96\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u798f\u5229\u95ee\u9898\u7531\u793e\u4f1a\u5b89\u5168\u6cd5\u9662\u7ba1\u8f96\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e13\u4e1a\u6cd5\u9662\u81ea\u6210\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u6709\u5176\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u7ec8\u5ba1\u673a\u5173\u3002<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn58\" title=\"_ftnref58\" name=\"_ftnref58\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[58]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u5404\u4e2a\u6cd5\u9662\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e92\u4e0d\u7edf\u5c5e\uff0c\u5404\u53f8\u5176\u4e13\u4e1a\u5ba1\u5224\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u5178\u578b\u7684\u591a\u5143\u53f8\u6cd5\u5ba1\u5224\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u5728\u4e8c\u6b21\u5927\u6218\u524d\u4eff\u884c\u6b27\u9646\u7684\u591a\u5143\u5ba1\u5224\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u6218\u540e\u5219\u53c2\u7167\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u5b9e\u884c\u4e00\u5143\u7684\u5ba1\u5224\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u53f8\u6cd5\u5ba1\u5224\u4f53\u7cfb\u6709\u4e00\u5143\u4e0e\u591a\u5143\u4e4b\u5206\uff0c\u4f46\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5404\u79cd\u5ba1\u5224\u4e1a\u52a1\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u5b9e\u884c\u4e00\u5143\u5316\u5ba1\u5224\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u82f1\u7f8e\u6cd5\u7cfb\u5404\u56fd\uff0c\u5176\u4e00\u5143\u5316\u4e5f\u5f80\u5f80\u6ca1\u6709\u90a3\u4e48\u5f7b\u5e95\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u82f1\u56fd\u76ee\u524d\u5df2\u8bbe\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u4e0e\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u9662\u5e76\u884c\u7684\u884c\u653f\u88c1\u5224\u6240\uff1b\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u8054\u90a6\u6cd5\u9662\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\u4e5f\u8bbe\u6709\u6d77\u5173\u6cd5\u9662\u4e0e\u4e13\u5229\u4e0a\u8bc9\u6cd5\u9662\u7b49\u7279\u522b\u6cd5\u9662\u3002<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn59\" title=\"_ftnref59\" name=\"_ftnref59\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[59]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u6c11\u5143\u7ea6\u6cd5\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u627f\u8ba4\u4eba\u6c11\u6709\u884c\u653f\u8bc9\u8bbc\u4e4b\u6743\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u4e0e\u666e\u901a\u8bc9\u8bbc\u5206\u6d41\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u7ee7\u53d7\u65e5\u672c\uff0c\u95f4\u63a5\u7ee7\u53d7\u6cd5\u3001\u5fb7\u8bf8\u56fd\u3002\u65e9\u5728\u6e05\u672b\uff08\u5ba3\u7edf\u4e8c\u5e74\uff09\uff0c<\/span><span>\u5baa\u653f\u7f16\u67e5\u9986\u6240\u4e0a\u594f\u7684<\/span><span>\u201c\uff08\u4fee\u6b63\uff09\u5baa\u653f\u9010\u5e74\u7b79\u5907\u4e8b\u5b9c\u201d\u6e05\u5355\u4e2d\uff0c\u4fbf\u6709\u201c\u9881\u5e03\u884c\u653f\u5ba1\u5224\u9662\u6cd5\uff0c\u8bbe\u7acb\u884c\u653f\u5ba1\u5224\u9662\u201d\u4e00\u9879\u3002<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn60\" title=\"_ftnref60\" name=\"_ftnref60\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[60]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> 1914<\/span><span>\u5e74<\/span><span>5<\/span><span>\u6708\uff0c\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u4ee5\u603b\u7edf\u6559\u4ee4\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5148\u540e\u53d1\u5e03\u300a\u5e73\u653f\u9662\u7f16\u5236\u4ee4\u300b\u3001\u300a\u7ea0\u5f39\u6cd5\u300b\u3001\u300a\u5e73\u653f\u9662\u5904\u52a1\u89c4\u5219\u300b\u548c\u300a\u884c\u653f\u8bc9\u8bbc\u6761\u4f8b\u300b\uff0c\u5e73\u653f\u9662\u6210\u7acb\u3002\u5e73\u653f\u9662\u5e76\u975e\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\uff0c\u5b83\u76f4\u63a5\u96b6\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5927\u603b\u7edf\uff0c\u4e0e\u884c\u653f\u6743\u201c\u4f3c\u79bb\u53c8\u5373\u201d\u3002<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn61\" title=\"_ftnref61\" name=\"_ftnref61\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[61]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span>\u5e73\u653f\u9662\u7ec4\u6210\u4eba\u5458\u6709\uff1a\u9662\u957f\u4e00\u4eba\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u6307\u6325\u3001\u76d1\u7763\u5168\u9662\u4e8b\u52a1\uff1b\u8bc4\u4e8b<\/span><span>15<\/span><span>\u4eba\uff0c\u8d1f\u8d23\u5ba1\u7406\u884c\u653f\u8bc9\u8bbc\u548c\u7ea0\u5f39\u6848\u4ef6\uff1b\u8083\u653f\u5385\u867d\u8bbe\u4e8e\u5e73\u653f\u9662\uff0c\u4f46\u72ec\u7acb\u884c\u4f7f\u804c\u6743\uff0c\u5176\u957f\u5b98\u4e3a\u90fd\u8083\u653f\u53f2\uff0c\u6709\u8083\u653f\u53f2\u7f16\u5236<\/span><span>16<\/span><span>\u540d\uff0c\u638c\u5b98\u540f\u7ea0\u5f39\u3002\u5e73\u653f\u9662\u7531\u8bc4\u4e8b<\/span><span>5<\/span><span>\u4eba\u7ec4\u6210\u5408\u8bae\u5ead\u5ba1\u5224\uff0c\u5ba1\u7406\u884c\u653f\u8bc9\u8bbc\u6216\u8083\u653f\u53f2\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u7ea0\u5f39\u6848\uff1b\u8083\u653f\u53f2\u9700\u4f9d\u6cd5\u5bf9\u4eba\u6c11\u63d0\u8d77\u884c\u653f\u8bc9\u8bbc\u3001\u7ea0\u5f39\u5b98\u5458\u8fdd\u6cd5\u5931\u804c\u3001\u76d1\u7763\u5e73\u653f\u9662\u5224\u51b3\u3002<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn62\" title=\"_ftnref62\" name=\"_ftnref62\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[62]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u5728\u884c\u653f\u8bc9\u8bbc\u4e2d\uff0c\u8083\u653f\u53f2\u4e0e\u5e73\u653f\u9662\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u4e4b\u4e0e\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff1b\u5728\u7ea0\u5f39\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u8083\u653f\u5385\u4e0e\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u53c8\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u540e\u4e16\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u4e94\u9662\u4f53\u5236\u4e0b\u7684\u76d1\u5bdf\u9662\u4e0e\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e0b\u7684\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u60e9\u6212\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><span>1916<\/span><span>\u5e74\uff0c\u8881\u6c0f\u5e1d\u5236\u5931\u8d25\uff0c\u63a5\u4efb\u603b\u7edf\u7684\u9ece\u5143\u6d2a\u660e\u4ee4\u6062\u590d\u6c11\u5143\u7ea6\u6cd5\u65e7\u5236\uff0c\u540c\u5e74<\/span><span>6<\/span><span>\u6708<\/span><span>29<\/span><span>\u65e5\uff0c\u8083\u653f\u5385\u88c1\u64a4\uff0c\u300a\u7ea0\u5f39\u6cd5\u300b\u5e9f\u6b62\uff0c\u76d1\u5bdf\u6743\u56de\u5f52\u56fd\u4f1a\uff0c\u5e73\u653f\u9662\u5931\u53bb\u5bdf\u7406\u7ea0\u5f39\u6743\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u5355\u7eaf\u7684\u884c\u653f\u88c1\u5224\u673a\u5173\u3002<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn63\" title=\"_ftnref63\" name=\"_ftnref63\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[63]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u5357\u4eac\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u4f9d\u7136\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u591a\u5143\u7684\u5ba1\u5224\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u5185\u8bbe\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u3001\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u9662\u4e0e\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u60e9\u6212\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u5206\u638c\u6c11\u5211\u8bc9\u8bbc\u3001\u884c\u653f\u8bc9\u8bbc\u4e0e\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u60e9\u6212\u3002<\/span><span>\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u5185\u8bbe\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u638c\u6c11\u5211\u6848\u4ef6\u7ec8\u5ba1\uff08\u662f\u6c11\u5211\u4e8b\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u5ba1\u5224\u673a\u5173\uff09\uff0c\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u9662\u8d1f\u8d23\u884c\u653f\u8bc9\u8bbc\uff08\u4e00\u5ba1\u7ec8\u5ba1\uff09\uff0c\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u60e9\u6212\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5ba1\u8bae\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u60e9\u6212\u6848\u4ef6\u3002\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u6c11\u521d\u5e73\u653f\u9662\u7684\u804c\u6743\u88ab\u4e00\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\uff0c\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u9662\u53f8\u884c\u653f\u5ba1\u5224\uff0c\u76d1\u5bdf\u9662\u4ee3\u66ff\u8083\u653f\u5385\u638c\u7ea0\u5f39\u5b98\u540f\u8fdd\u6cd5\u5931\u804c\uff0c\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u60e9\u6212\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5219\u5bf9\u5b98\u540f\u8fdd\u6cd5\u5931\u804c\u4e8b\u4ef6\u8fdb\u884c\u5ba1\u67e5\u5904\u7406\u3002\u6cbf\u88ad\u5317\u6d0b\u65e7\u5236\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u6cd5\u5b98\u79f0\u201c\u63a8\u4e8b\u201d\uff0c\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u9662\u6cd5\u5b98\u79f0\u201c\u8bc4\u4e8b\u201d\uff1b\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u60e9\u6212\u90e8\u95e8\u5219\u53e6\u91c7\u59d4\u5458\u5236\u3002\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u3001\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u9662\u9662\u957f\u3001\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u60e9\u6212\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u59d4\u5458\u957f\u7efc\u7406\u5404\u81ea\u9662\uff08\u4f1a\uff09\u7684\u884c\u653f\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn64\" title=\"_ftnref64\" name=\"_ftnref64\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[64]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u6e05\u672b\u4ee5\u6765\u4e2d\u56fd\uff08\u4fbf\uff09\u4eff\u884c\u5927\u9646\u6cd5\u7cfb\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u884c\u653f\u8bc9\u8bbc\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u5fb7\u3001\u65e5\u653f\u6cbb\u793e\u4f1a\u80cc\u666f\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u66f4\u4e3a\u63a5\u8fd1\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u5a01\u6743\u4f20\u7edf\u6d53\u539a\u7684\u56fd\u5ea6\uff0c\u5c06\u884c\u653f\u5ba1\u5224\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u9662\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u66f4\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u4fdd\u62a4\u4eba\u6c11\u6743\u5229\u548c\u63d0\u9ad8\u884c\u653f\u6548\u7387\u3002\u5236\u5baa\u8005\u4ece\u4e94\u4e94\u5baa\u8349\u65f6\u671f\u4fbf\u8bd5\u56fe\u5c06\u884c\u653f\u8bc9\u8bbc\u5f52\u5e76\u5230\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u9662\u4e00\u4f53\u7ba1\u8f96\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u5143\u7684\u5ba1\u5224\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c<\/span><span>1946<\/span><span>\u5e74\u5236\u5baa\u65f6\u66f4\u660e\u8a00\u4eff\u884c\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u672a\u771f\u6b63\u5b9e\u884c\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\u4ece\u5317\u6d0b\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u5e73\u653f\u9662\u5230\u5357\u4eac\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c\u4e0e\u6c11\u5211\u5206\u6d41\u7684\u884c\u653f\u8bc9\u8bbc\u4f53\u7cfb\u884c\u4e4b\u6709\u5e74\uff0c\u5e76\u65e0\u5927\u788d\uff0c\u5f88\u96be\u8f7b\u6613\u6539\u5f26\u66f4\u5f20\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u4e8c\u6218\u540e\u6539\u91c7\u4e00\u5143\u5ba1\u5224\u4f53\u5236\uff0c\u884c\u653f\u8bc9\u8bbc\u957f\u671f\u201c\u79ef\u5f31\u4e0d\u632f\u201d\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u53cd\u4f8b\u3002<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn65\" title=\"_ftnref65\" name=\"_ftnref65\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[65]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u5982\u679c\u884c\u653f\u8bc9\u8bbc\u7531\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u9662\u7ba1\u8f96\uff0c\u800c\u6cd5\u9662\u5374\u4e0d\u613f\u6216\u65e0\u6cd5\u5bf9\u6297\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u95e8\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u6d88\u6781\u5bf9\u5f85\u884c\u653f\u8bc9\u8bbc\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u5ba1\u5224\u4e1a\u52a1\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e8e\u6c11\u3001\u5211\u9886\u57df\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u7531\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u673a\u5173\uff08\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u9662\uff09\u4e13\u53f8\u884c\u653f\u8bc9\u8bbc\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7279\u8bbe\u673a\u5173\u53ef\u83b7\u5f97\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u6743\u5a01\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u56de\u907f\u5176\u4e13\u804c\u7684\u88c1\u5224\u4e1a\u52a1\u3002<\/span><strong><span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u4e2d\u56fd\u81ea\u53e4\u7279\u91cd\u540f\u6cbb\uff0c\u5b98\u5458\u7ea0\u5f39\u60e9\u6212\u5236\u5ea6\u7531\u6765\u5df2\u4e45\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u662f\u53e4\u4ee3\u7684\u5fa1\u53f2\u53f0\u3001\u90fd\u5bdf\u9662\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u6c11\u521d\u7684\u5e73\u653f\u9662\u3001\u8083\u653f\u5385\uff0c\u90fd\u5ef6\u7eed\u7740\u8fd9\u4e00\u804c\u80fd\u3002\u5357\u4eac\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u521d\u7531\u76d1\u5bdf\u9662\u638c\u7ea0\u5f39\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u5185\u8bbe\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u60e9\u6212\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u638c\u60e9\u6212\uff0c\u4e94\u4e94\u5baa\u8349\u5c06\u5176\u6539\u4e3a\u7531\u76d1\u5bdf\u9662\u7edf\u4e00\u638c\u7406\u7ea0\u5f39\u548c\u60e9\u6212\uff1b<\/span><span>1946<\/span><span>\u5e74\u300a\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u4e2d\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u60e9\u6212\u6743\u53c8\u56de\u5f52\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\uff0c\u8fd9\u5e94\u8be5\u4e0e\u60e9\u6212\u804c\u80fd\u7684\u51c6\u53f8\u6cd5\u6027\u6709\u5173\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong><span> <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\" align=\"center\"><!--[if !supportLists]--><strong><span><span>\u4e94\u3001<span>    <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><!--[endif]--><strong><span>\u5c0f\u7ed3<\/span><\/strong><strong><span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span> <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5236\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u67d0\u4e00\u6b27\u7f8e\u5f3a\u56fd\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5e38\u5e38\u88ab\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u6837\u677f\u201d\u6765\u4eff\u6548\u3002\u4f46\u4ece\u6bd4\u8f83\u6cd5\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u7edd\u5bf9\u7684\u201c\u597d\u574f\u201d\u4e4b\u5206<\/span><span>\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u53f2\u770b\u4f3c\u53cd\u590d\u65e0\u5e38\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u81ea\u6709\u89c4\u5f8b\u53ef\u5faa\u3002\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u5728\u539f\u521d\u6216\u8005\u6709\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u4e4b\u540e\u4fbf\u5e38\u5e38\u4f1a\u8def\u5f84\u4f9d\u8d56\uff1b\u53ef\u4ee5\u79fb\u690d\u3001\u5ac1\u63a5\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5e7c\u82d7\uff0c\u7136\u800c\uff0c\uff08\u53ef\uff09\u6210\u719f\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\uff08\u5374\uff09\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u571f\u5730\u4e0a\u9010\u6e10\u957f\u6210\u7684\u3002\u4ece\u6e05\u672b\u53f8\u6cd5\u6539\u9769\u5230<\/span><span>1947<\/span><span>\u5e74\u9881\u5e03\u300a\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u3001\u4fee\u6b63\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u5386\u7ecf\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u7279\u6709\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u6a21\u5f0f\u2014\u2014\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728<\/span><span>1946<\/span><span>\u5e74\u300a\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u901a\u8fc7\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u4f53\u5236\u5df2\u7ecf\u6e10\u8d8b\u6210\u719f\u3002\u5baa\u6cd5\u521b\u8bbe\u4e86\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\uff0c\u5e76\u8d4b\u4e88\u5176\u91ca\u5baa\u4e4b\u6743\uff1b\u4f46\u5374\u65e0\u6cd5\u53e6\u8d77\u7089\u7076\uff0c\u6839\u672c\u6539\u53d8\u65e2\u6709\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u53f8\u6cd5\u4f53\u7cfb\u4f20\u7edf\u3002\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u8303\u5f0f\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong><span>1<\/span><\/strong><strong><span>\uff0e\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u5b89\u6392<\/span><span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\u7684\u5b89\u6392\u4e0e\u53f8\u6cd5\u5ba1\u5224\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\u606f\u606f\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u5904\u4e8e\u884c\u653f\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\uff08\u884c\u653f\uff09\u90e8\u6743\u529b\u8fc7\u5927\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u5f71\u54cd\u6cd5\u5b98\u72ec\u7acb\u5ba1\u5224\u3002<\/span><span>20<\/span><span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\u6b27\u7f8e\u6709\u5c06\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\u4ea4\u7531\u6cd5\u754c\u4eba\u58eb\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u4f1a\u8bae\uff08\u53f8\u6cd5\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff09\u7ba1\u8f96\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\uff0c\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u5219\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5c06\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\u4ea4\u7531\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u638c\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u6253\u9020\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u6700\u9ad8\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u201d\u3002\u6700\u9ad8\u5ba1\u5224\u6743\u4e0e\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\u662f\u5426\u5408\u4e00\u662f\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u5236\u5baa\u65f6\u53cd\u590d\u4e89\u8bba\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u957f\u5e76\u4e0d\u76f4\u63a5\u4ece\u4e8b\u5ba1\u5224\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6700\u9ad8\u5ba1\u5224\u6743\u4e0e\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\u5e76\u672a\u771f\u6b63\u5408\u4e00\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e8c\u8005\u81ea\u6e05\u672b\u53f8\u6cd5\u6539\u9769\u4ee5\u6765\u51e0\u4e4e\u4ece\u672a\u5408\u800c\u4e3a\u4e00\uff0c\u638c\u7406\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u6743\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u957f\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u67d3\u6307\u5ba1\u5224\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5b89\u6392\u4e5f\u5c31\u65e0\u5f71\u54cd\u5ba1\u5224\u72ec\u7acb\u4e4b\u865e\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong><span>2<\/span><\/strong><strong><span>\uff0e\u6700\u9ad8\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u5ba1\u67e5\u6743\uff08\u62bd\u8c61\u89e3\u91ca\u6743\uff09<\/span><span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u6700\u9ad8\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u673a\u5173\u89c4\u8303\u5ba1\u67e5\u6743\u7684\u83b7\u5f97\u6e90\u4e8e\u5176\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u540e\u4e16\u76f8\u6cbf\u5e76\u52a0\u4ee5\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4e43\u6e10\u6210\u4f20\u7edf\u3002\u6c11\u521d\u56e0\u4e3a\u516d\u6cd5\u4e0d\u5907\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5927\u7406\u9662\u884c\u4f7f\u89e3\u91ca\u6743\u4ee5\u8865\u5145\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u3002\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u5927\u7406\u9662\u7edf\u4e00\u89e3\u91ca\u6cd5\u4ee4\u6743\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u5236\u5baa\u5c06\u5176\u89c4\u8303\u63a7\u5236\u6743\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u5baa\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u9886\u57df\u3002\u800c\u968f\u7740\u6cd5\u5236\u7684\u6e10\u8d8b\u5b8c\u5907\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u89c4\u8303\u5ba1\u67e5\u6743\u7684\u91cd\u5fc3\u4e5f\u7531\u7edf\u4e00\u89e3\u91ca\u6cd5\u4ee4\u8f6c\u5411\u91ca\u5baa\u3002<\/span><strong><span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><strong><span>3<\/span><\/strong><strong><span>\uff0e\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u9662\u3001\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u60e9\u6212\u673a\u5173\u4e0e\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u9662\u5e76\u884c\u7684\u591a\u5143\u88c1\u5224\u4f53\u7cfb<\/span><span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u6c11\u521d\u5927\u7406\u9662\u3001\u5e73\u653f\u9662\uff08\u8083\u653f\u5385\uff09\u5206\u7acb\u5f00\u65e5\u540e\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u5185\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u3001\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u9662\u548c\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u60e9\u6212\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5e76\u884c\u7684\u5148\u6cb3\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e00\u76f4\u5b58\u5728\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5b89\u6392\u59cb\u7ec8\u6cbf\u88ad\u672a\u6539\u3002\u4e0e\u82f1\u7f8e\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u957f\u4e45\u4ee5\u6765\u653f\u5e9c\uff08\u5305\u62ec\u5176\u5b98\u5458\uff09\u4e0e\u767e\u59d3\u4e2a\u4eba\u5f88\u96be\u8bf4\u662f\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\uff0c\u6392\u9664\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u9662\u7ba1\u8f96\u6743\uff0c\u800c\u7531\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\uff08\u6216\u51c6\u53f8\u6cd5\u673a\u5173\uff09\u638c\u7406\u884c\u653f\u8bc9\u8bbc\u548c\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u60e9\u6212\u6216\u8005\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6bd4\u8f83\u597d\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span>\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u5357\u4eac\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u65f6\u671f\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5efa\u8bbe\u548c\u4eba\u5458\u6784\u6210\u5c1a\u5dee\u5f3a\u4eba\u610f\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5176\u6574\u4e2a\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u5219\u662f\u7b49\u800c\u4e0b\u4e4b\u7684\u3002\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u901a\u8fc7\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\uff1a\u201c\u5357\u4eac\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u7f3a\u5c11\u5b9e\u73b0\u53f8\u6cd5\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5927\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u53f8\u6cd5\u6539\u9769\u63d0\u6848\u672a\u80fd\u5c3d\u4ed8\u5b9e\u65bd\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u8150\u8d25\u662f\u53d7\u793e\u4f1a\u6307\u8d23\u6700\u591a\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5bfc\u81f4\u5357\u4eac\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u5931\u53bb\u6c11\u5fc3\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5931\u63a7\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u201d<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn66\" title=\"_ftnref66\" name=\"_ftnref66\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[66]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span>\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u8150\u8d25\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u8150\u8d25\u5982\u5f71\u968f\u5f62\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u8150\u8d25\u6e90\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u8150\u8d25\uff0c\u52a0\u5267\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u8150\u8d25\u201d<\/span><a href=\"#_ftn67\" title=\"_ftnref67\" name=\"_ftnref67\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[67]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span>\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f53\u5236\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u867d\u7136\u540d\u5217\u4e94\u9662\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\u5730\u4f4d\u5374\u4e0d\u9ad8\uff0c\u6c11\u610f\u673a\u6784\u548c\u519b\u653f\u4e3b\u7ba1\u5e38\u5e38\u8d8a\u6743\u5b9a\u6848\uff0c\u4e2d\u592e\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u6539\u9769\u653f\u7b56\u65e0\u6cd5\u63a8\u884c\u4e8e\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u7ecf\u8d39\u53c8\u6349\u895f\u89c1\u8098\uff1b\u5c31\u53f8\u6cd5\u5b98\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f85\u9047\u83f2\u8584\u3001\u4e14\u7f3a\u4e4f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u8fd9\u53c8\u9020\u6210\u53f8\u6cd5\u4eba\u5458\u7d20\u8d28\u7684\u666e\u904d\u4e0b\u964d\uff1b\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u4e0e\u53f8\u6cd5\u88c1\u5224\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u6b63\u4e49\u4e5f\u53d7\u5230\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0a\u666e\u904d\u7684\u8d28\u7591\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u73b0\u5b9e\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span> <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"><span><span>                                    <\/span><span>                  <\/span><span> <\/span>[<\/span><span>\u672c\u6587\u8d23\u4efb\u7f16\u8f91\uff1a\u738b\u597d\u7acb<\/span><span>]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><\/p>\n<hr align=\"left\" size=\"1\" width=\"33%\" \/>  <!--[endif]--><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" title=\"_ftn1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><span>* <\/span><span>\u79f0\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e3a\u65b0\u7684\u8303\u5f0f\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u4f53\u5236\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u524d\u6240\u672a\u6709\uff0c\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u4e5f\u662f\u522b\u5177\u4e00\u683c\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u9886\u98ce\u6c14\u4e4b\u5148\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u4ee5\u6211\u56fd\u53f0\u6e7e\u5730\u533a\u653f\u6cbb\u5927\u5b66\u6cd5\u5b66\u9662\u9ec4\u6e90\u76db\u6559\u6388\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5317\u6d0b\u65f6\u671f\u5927\u7406\u9662\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u7ee9\u6700\u4e3a\u5353\u8457\uff1b\u81f3\u4e8e\u5357\u4eac\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u65f6\u671f\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u4e13\u95e8\u7814\u7a76\u5219\u8f83\u5c11\u89c1\uff0c\u5728\u53f0\u6e7e\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u5bf9\u201c\u73b0\u884c\u201d\u5236\u5ea6\u8fdb\u884c\u5386\u53f2\u89e3\u91ca\u65f6\uff0c\u624d\u4f1a\u8c08\u53ca<\/span><span>1949<\/span><span>\u5e74\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u4e14\u5f80\u5f80\u8bed\u7109\u4e0d\u8be6\u3002\u672c\u6587\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u5e0c\u671b\u80fd\u7a0d\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\uff0c\u63a2\u8ba8\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7279\u6709\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u53f8\u6cd5\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u7531\u6765\u53ca\u53d8\u8fc1\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[1]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><span> <\/span><span>\u300a\u6e05\u5b9e\u5f55<\/span><span>\u300b\u7b2c\u4e94\u5341\u4e5d\u518c\u300a<\/span><span>\u5fb7\u5b97\u666f\u7687\u5e1d\u5b9e\u5f55\u300b\uff08\u516b\uff09\uff0c\u5377\u4e94\u516d\u56db\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c40\uff0c<\/span><span>1987<\/span><span>\u5e74\u5f71\u5370\u672c\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>468<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" title=\"_ftn2\" name=\"_ftn2\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[2]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u300a\u6e05\u5b9e\u5f55<\/span><span>\u300b\u7b2c\u516d\u5341\u518c\u9644\u300a<\/span><span>\u5ba3\u7edf\u653f\u7eaa\u300b\uff0c\u5377\u4e8c\u5341\u516b\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c40\uff0c<\/span><span>1987<\/span><span>\u5e74\u5f71\u5370\u672c\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>518<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" title=\"_ftn3\" name=\"_ftn3\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[3]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u7f57\u5fd7\u6e0a\u7f16\u8457\u300a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5236\u6f14\u53d8\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u6b63\u4e2d\u4e66\u5c40\uff0c<\/span><span>1974<\/span><span>\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>409<\/span><span>\uff0d<\/span><span>412<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" title=\"_ftn4\" name=\"_ftn4\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[4]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u53f2\u5b9e\u7eaa\u8981\u7f16\u8f91\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u201d\u7f16\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u53f2\u5b9e\u7eaa\u8981\u300b\uff0c\u53f0\u5317\uff0c\u81ea\u520a\uff0c<\/span><span>1982<\/span><span>\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>3<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" title=\"_ftn5\" name=\"_ftn5\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[5]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u5728<\/span><span>1946<\/span><span>\u5e74\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u516c\u5e03\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5357\u4eac\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u867d\u4e8e<\/span><span>1931<\/span><span>\u5e74\u9881\u5e03\u300a\u8bad\u653f\u65f6\u671f\u7ea6\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5bf9\u4e8e\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8a00\u4e4b\u4e0d\u8be6\uff0c\u6545\u800c\u300a\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6cd5\u300b\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u5173\u4e8e\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u6307\u5bfc\u89c4\u8303\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" title=\"_ftn6\" name=\"_ftn6\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[6]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u590f\u65b0\u534e\u7b49\u6574\u7406\u300a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u5baa\u653f\u5386\u7a0b\uff1a\u53f2\u6599\u835f\u8403\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c<\/span><span>2004<\/span><span>\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>788<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" title=\"_ftn7\" name=\"_ftn7\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[7]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u590f\u65b0\u534e\u7b49\u6574\u7406\u300a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u5baa\u653f\u5386\u7a0b\uff1a\u53f2\u6599\u835f\u8403\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>857<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" title=\"_ftn8\" name=\"_ftn8\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[8]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u53f2\u5b9e\u7eaa\u8981\u7f16\u8f91\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u201d\u7f16\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u53f2\u5b9e\u7eaa\u8981\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>7<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" title=\"_ftn9\" name=\"_ftn9\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[9]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u590f\u65b0\u534e\u7b49\u6574\u7406\u300a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u5baa\u653f\u5386\u7a0b\uff1a\u53f2\u6599\u835f\u8403\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>796<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" title=\"_ftn10\" name=\"_ftn10\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[10]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u7f57\u5fd7\u6e0a\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u53f0\u5317\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986\uff0c<\/span><span>1967<\/span><span>\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>240<\/span><span>\u9875<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" title=\"_ftn11\" name=\"_ftn11\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[11]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u4f9d\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u516c\u52a1\u4eba\u5458\u4efb\u7528\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u516c\u52a1\u4eba\u5458\u804c\u7b49\u7531\u4f4e\u5230\u9ad8\u4f9d\u6b21\u662f\u59d4\u4efb\u3001\u8350\u4efb\u3001\u7b80\u4efb\u3001\u7279\u4efb\uff0c\u800c\u6cd5\u5b98\u6216\u76d1\u5bdf\u5b98\u901a\u5e38\u5747\u4e3a\u8350\u4efb\u4ee5\u4e0a\u804c\u7b49\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" title=\"_ftn12\" name=\"_ftn12\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[12]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u7f57\u5fd7\u6e0a\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>241<\/span><span>\uff0d<\/span><span>242<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" title=\"_ftn13\" name=\"_ftn13\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[13]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u8c22\u51a0\u751f\uff1a\u300a\u6218\u65f6\u53f8\u6cd5\u7eaa\u8981\u300b\uff0c\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u79d8\u4e66\u5904\u201d\uff0c<\/span><span>1971<\/span><span>\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>1<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" title=\"_ftn14\" name=\"_ftn14\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[14]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u590f\u65b0\u534e\u7b49\u6574\u7406\u300a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u5baa\u653f\u5386\u7a0b\uff1a\u53f2\u6599\u835f\u8403\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>987<\/span><span>\u3001<\/span><span>988<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" title=\"_ftn15\" name=\"_ftn15\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[15]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u7acb\u6cd5\u9662\u5baa\u6cd5\u8349\u6848\u5ba3\u4f20\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7f16\u300a\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u8349\u6848\u8bf4\u660e\u4e66\u300b\uff0c\u6b63\u4e2d\u4e66\u5c40\uff0c<\/span><span>1940<\/span><span>\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>52<\/span><span>\uff0d<\/span><span>53<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" title=\"_ftn16\" name=\"_ftn16\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[16]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u53c2\u89c1\u95fb\u9ece\u660e\u300a\u7b2c\u4e09\u79cd\u529b\u91cf\u4e0e\u6297\u6218\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u4e66\u5e97\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c<\/span><span>2004<\/span><span>\u5e74\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" title=\"_ftn17\" name=\"_ftn17\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[17]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u590f\u65b0\u534e\u7b49\u6574\u7406\u300a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u5baa\u653f\u5386\u7a0b\uff1a\u53f2\u6599\u835f\u8403\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>1047<\/span><span>\uff0d<\/span><span>1048<\/span><span>\uff1b\u5176\u4fee\u6b63\u7406\u7531\u89c1\u8be5\u4e66\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>1059<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" title=\"_ftn18\" name=\"_ftn18\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[18]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u7fc1\u5cb3\u751f\uff1a\u300a\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u529f\u80fd\u6f14\u53d8\u4e4b\u68c0\u8ba8\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u7fc1\u5cb3\u751f\u300a\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u884c\u653f\u4e0e\u53f8\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u6708\u65e6\u51fa\u7248\u516c\u53f8\uff0c<\/span><span>1994<\/span><span>\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>414<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" title=\"_ftn19\" name=\"_ftn19\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[19]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u590f\u65b0\u534e\u7b49\u6574\u7406\u300a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u5baa\u653f\u5386\u7a0b\uff1a\u53f2\u6599\u835f\u8403\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>1090<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" title=\"_ftn20\" name=\"_ftn20\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[20]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u590f\u65b0\u534e\u7b49\u6574\u7406\u300a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u5baa\u653f\u5386\u7a0b\uff1a\u53f2\u6599\u835f\u8403\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>1092<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" title=\"_ftn21\" name=\"_ftn21\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[21]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u5b59\u79d1\u62a5\u544a\u53c2\u89c1\u201c\u56fd\u6c11\u5927\u4f1a\u79d8\u4e66\u5904\u201d\u7f16\u300a\u56fd\u6c11\u5927\u4f1a\u5b9e\u5f55\u300b\uff0c\u81ea\u520a\uff0c<\/span><span>1946<\/span><span>\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>392<\/span><span>\u3001<\/span><span>396<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" title=\"_ftn22\" name=\"_ftn22\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[22]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u5206\u7ec4\u5ba1\u67e5\u3001\u7efc\u5408\u5ba1\u67e5\u3001\u4e00\u8bfb\u5baa\u8349\u4e0e\u300a\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\u6761\u6587\u6bd4\u7167\u8868\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1\u5f20\u77e5\u672c\u8bb2\u8ff0\u3001\u9648\u79c0\u51e4\u8bb0\u5f55\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7acb\u5baa\u6545\u4e8b\u300b\uff0c\u5927\u4e2d\u56fe\u4e66\u516c\u53f8\uff0c<\/span><span>1966<\/span><span>\u5e74\uff0c\u9644\u5f55\u4e8c\u7b2c<\/span><span>19<\/span><span>\uff0d<\/span><span>20<\/span><span>\u9875\uff1b\u4e8c\u8bfb\u5baa\u8349\u6761\u6587\u53c2\u89c1\u201c\u56fd\u6c11\u5927\u4f1a\u79d8\u4e66\u5904\u201d\u7f16\u300a\u4e2d\u534e\u6c11\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e4b\u5236\u5b9a\u300b\uff0c\u53f0\u5317\uff0c\u81ea\u520a\uff0c<\/span><span>1961<\/span><span>\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>176<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" title=\"_ftn23\" name=\"_ftn23\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[23]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u962e\u6bc5\u6210\uff1a\u300a\u5236\u5baa\u65e5\u8bb0\u300b\uff0c\u53f0\u5317\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986\uff0c<\/span><span>1970<\/span><span>\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>55<\/span><span>\uff0d<\/span><span>56<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" title=\"_ftn24\" name=\"_ftn24\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[24]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u6761\u6587\u4e2d\u201c\u638c\u7406\u201d\u4e8c\u5b57\u4e5f\u6709\u5e7f\u9614\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u76f4\u63a5\u884c\u4f7f\u5ba1\u5224\u6743\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5baa\u6cd5\u5236\u5b9a\u524d\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u76d1\u7763\u7ba1\u7406\u4e0b\u5c5e\u4e09\u9662\uff08\u4f1a\uff09\u5404\u81ea\u884c\u4f7f\u804c\u6743\u7684\u65e7\u5236\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" title=\"_ftn25\" name=\"_ftn25\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[25]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u674e\u5efa\u826f\uff1a\u300a\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u53d8\u9769\u4e0e\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u5b9a\u4f4d\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u674e\u5efa\u826f\u300a\u5baa\u6cd5\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\u300b\uff08\u4e00\uff09\uff0c\u5b66\u6797\u6587\u5316\u4e8b\u4e1a\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8\uff0c<\/span><span>2003<\/span><span>\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>567<\/span><span>\uff0d<\/span><span>568<\/span><span>\u9875<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" title=\"_ftn26\" name=\"_ftn26\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[26]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u53c2\u89c1\u300a\u56fd\u6c11\u5927\u4f1a\u901f\u7eaa\u5f55\u300b\uff08\u624b\u6284\u672c\uff09\uff0c\u7b2c\u5341\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u6c11\u56fd<\/span><span>35<\/span><span>\u5e74<\/span><span>12<\/span><span>\u6708<\/span><span>18<\/span><span>\u65e5<\/span><span>\u4e0a\u5348<\/span><span>9<\/span><span>\u65f6\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u56fd\u6c11\u5927\u4f1a\u5236\u5baa\u4f1a\u8bae\u7eaa\u5f55\u8a8a\u6b63\u672c\u300b\uff08\u56db\uff09\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>18<\/span><span>\uff0d<\/span><span>19<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea\u674e\u5efa\u826f\u300a\u5baa\u6cd5\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\u300b\uff08\u4e00\uff09\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>568<\/span><span>\u9875\uff1b\u53c8\u89c1\u4e8e\u9648\u6ca7\u6d77\u300a\u5baa\u653f\u6539\u9769\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u300b\uff0c\u4e94\u5357\u56fe\u4e66\u51fa\u7248\u516c\u53f8\uff0c<\/span><span>1999<\/span><span>\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>352<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref27\" title=\"_ftn27\" name=\"_ftn27\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[27]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u96f7\u9707\uff1a\u300a\u5236\u5baa\u8ff0\u8981\u300b\uff0c\u53cb\u8054\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c<\/span><span>1957<\/span><span>\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>40<\/span><span>\u3001<\/span><span>41<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref28\" title=\"_ftn28\" name=\"_ftn28\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[28]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u848b\u5300\u7530\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd1\u4ee3\u53f2\u8f6c\u6298\u70b9\u300b\uff0c\u53cb\u8054\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c<\/span><span>1976<\/span><span>\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>176<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref29\" title=\"_ftn29\" name=\"_ftn29\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[29]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u7fc1\u5cb3\u751f\uff1a\u300a\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u529f\u80fd\u6f14\u53d8\u4e4b\u63a2\u8ba8\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u884c\u653f\u4e0e\u53f8\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>416<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref30\" title=\"_ftn30\" name=\"_ftn30\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[30]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u674e\u5b66\u706f\uff1a\u300a\u91ca\u5baa\u7eaa\u8981\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u201d\u7f16\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u91ca\u5baa\u4e94\u5341\u5468\u5e74\u7eaa\u5ff5\u6587\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u53f0\u5317\uff0c\u81ea\u520a\uff0c<\/span><span>1998<\/span><span>\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>713<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref31\" title=\"_ftn31\" name=\"_ftn31\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[31]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u82cf\u6c38\u94a6\uff1a\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8d8b\u52bf\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u5ba1\u5224\u72ec\u7acb\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ed9\u4ed8\u53f8\u6cd5\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u7d27\u5f20\u5173\u7cfb\u8c08\u8d77\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u6cd5\u5236\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u5b66\uff1a\u6cd5\u6cbb\u658c\u6559\u6388\u7eaa\u5ff5\u8bba\u6587\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u5143\u7167\u51fa\u7248\u516c\u53f8\uff0c<\/span><span>2004<\/span><span>\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>45<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref32\" title=\"_ftn32\" name=\"_ftn32\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[32]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u82cf\u6c38\u94a6\uff1a\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8d8b\u52bf\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u5ba1\u5224\u72ec\u7acb\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ed9\u4ed8\u53f8\u6cd5\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u7d27\u5f20\u5173\u7cfb\u8c08\u8d77\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>49<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref33\" title=\"_ftn33\" name=\"_ftn33\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[33]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u81f3\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\uff0c\u5176\u804c\u6743\u4e0e\u4e00\u822c\u56fd\u5bb6\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u957f\u517c\u4efb\u603b\u68c0\u5bdf\u957f\uff08\u4e0b\u8f96\u8054\u90a6\u68c0\u5bdf\u5b98\u5b98\uff09\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u653f\u5e9c\u63a7\u544a\u7f6a\u72af\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u62c5\u4efb\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u987e\u95ee\u3002\u79fb\u6c11\u5c40\u4e5f\u662f\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u4e0b\u8bbe\u7684\u90e8\u95e8\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref34\" title=\"_ftn34\" name=\"_ftn34\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[34]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u82cf\u6c38\u94a6\uff1a\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u884c\u653f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8d8b\u52bf\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u5ba1\u5224\u72ec\u7acb\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ed9\u4ed8\u53f8\u6cd5\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u7d27\u5f20\u5173\u7cfb\u8c08\u8d77\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>49<\/span><span>\uff0d<\/span><span>53<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref35\" title=\"_ftn35\" name=\"_ftn35\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[35]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u9ec4\u6e90\u76db\uff1a\u300a\u6c11\u521d\u5927\u7406\u9662\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u9ec4\u6e90\u76db\u300a\u6c11\u521d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53d8\u8fc1\u4e0e\u88c1\u5224\u300b\uff0c\u53f0\u5317\uff0c\u81ea\u520a\uff0c<\/span><span>2000<\/span><span>\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>31<\/span><span>\uff0d<\/span><span>34<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref36\" title=\"_ftn36\" name=\"_ftn36\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[36]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u82cf\u6c38\u94a6\uff1a\u300a\u5baa\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0a\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u793a\u8303\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u82cf\u6c38\u94a6\u300a\u8d70\u5165\u65b0\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5baa\u653f\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\uff0c\u5143\u7167\u51fa\u7248\u516c\u53f8<\/span><span>2002<\/span><span>\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>393<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref37\" title=\"_ftn37\" name=\"_ftn37\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[37]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u81f3\u4e8e\u884c\u653f\u6cd5\u9662\u548c\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u60e9\u6212\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u5219\u672a\u89c1\u6709\u5982\u540c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u4f5c\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u6216\u8005\u662f\u4e0e\u5176\u5e76\u975e\u7eaf\u7cb9\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u95e8\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u4e5f\u642d\u4e86\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u4fbf\u8f66\uff0c\u5f97\u4ee5\u4fdd\u5168\u5efa\u5236\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref38\" title=\"_ftn38\" name=\"_ftn38\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[38]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u6e05\u671d\u4e2d\u592e\u516d\u90e8\u901a\u5e38\u7531\u6ee1\u5c1a\u4e66\u5f53\u5bb6\u3002\u6e05\u672b\u5211\u90e8\u662f\u5c11\u6709\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u5148\u540e\u7531\u859b\u5141\u5347\u3001\u8d75\u8212\u7fd8\u3001\u6c88\u5bb6\u672c\u4e09\u4f4d\u4f8d\u90ce\u201c\u5f53\u5bb6\u201d\u6570\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e09\u4eba\u4ff1\u662f\u65e7\u5f8b\u4e13\u5bb6\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u674e\u8d35\u8fde\u300a\u6c88\u5bb6\u672c\u8bc4\u4f20\u300b\uff08\u5357\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c<\/span><span>2005<\/span><span>\u5e74\uff09\u7b2c<\/span><span>101<\/span><span>\uff0d<\/span><span>104<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref39\" title=\"_ftn39\" name=\"_ftn39\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[39]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u53c2\u89c1\u82cf\u6c38\u94a6\u300a\u5baa\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0a\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u793a\u8303\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u8d70\u5165\u65b0\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5baa\u653f\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\u7b2c<\/span><span>393<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref40\" title=\"_ftn40\" name=\"_ftn40\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[40]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u8428\u5b5f\u6b66\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u65b0\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u4e09\u6c11\u4e66\u5c40<\/span><span>1993<\/span><span>\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>262<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref41\" title=\"_ftn41\" name=\"_ftn41\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[41]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u8428\u5b5f\u6b66\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u65b0\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>263<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref42\" title=\"_ftn42\" name=\"_ftn42\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[42]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u627f\u62c5\u89c4\u8303\u63a7\u5236\u804c\u80fd\u7684\u662f\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref43\" title=\"_ftn43\" name=\"_ftn43\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[43]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u53c2\u89c1\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u53f2\u5b9e\u7eaa\u8981\u7f16\u8f91\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u201d\u7f16\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u53f2\u5b9e\u7eaa\u8981\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>2<\/span><span>\u9875\u3001\u7b2c<\/span><span>1181<\/span><span>\uff0d<\/span><span>1182<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref44\" title=\"_ftn44\" name=\"_ftn44\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[44]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u5927\u7406\u9662\u5224\u4f8b\u548c\u89e3\u91ca\u4f8b\u6c47\u7f16\u53c2\u89c1\u90ed\u536b\u7f16\u300a<span>\u5927\u7406\u9662\u5224\u51b3\u4f8b\u5168\u4e66\u300b\uff08\u4e0a\u6d77\u4f1a\u6587\u5802\u65b0\u8bb0\u4e66\u5c40\uff0c<\/span><\/span><span>1931<\/span><span>\u5e74\uff09\uff1b<\/span><span>\u90ed\u536b\u7f16\u300a<span>\u5927\u7406\u9662\u89e3\u91ca\u4f8b\u5168\u6587\u300b\uff08\u4e0a\u6d77\u4f1a\u6587\u5802\u65b0\u8bb0\u4e66\u5c40\uff0c<\/span><\/span><span>1931<\/span><span>\u5e74\uff09\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref45\" title=\"_ftn45\" name=\"_ftn45\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[45]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u53f2\u5b9e\u7eaa\u8981\u7f16\u8f91\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u201d\u7f16\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u53f2\u5b9e\u7eaa\u8981\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>2<\/span><span>\u9875<\/span><span class=\"datatitle1\"><span>\u3002<\/span><\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref46\" title=\"_ftn46\" name=\"_ftn46\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[46]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u9ec4\u6e90\u76db\uff1a\u300a\u6c11\u521d\u5927\u7406\u9662\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u6c11\u521d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53d8\u8fc1\u4e0e\u88c1\u5224\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>33<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref47\" title=\"_ftn47\" name=\"_ftn47\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[47]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u53c2\u89c1\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4e66\u8bb0\u5904\u201d\u7f16\u300a\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u91ca\u5baa\u53f2\u6599\u300b\uff0c\u53f0\u5317\uff0c\u81ea\u520a\uff0c<\/span><span>1998<\/span><span>\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>23<\/span><span>\uff0d<\/span><span>25<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref48\" title=\"_ftn48\" name=\"_ftn48\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[48]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u53c2\u89c1\u8bb8\u5b97\u529b\u300a\u96c6\u4e2d\u3001\u62bd\u8c61\u8fdd\u5baa\u5ba1\u67e5\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u3001\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0e\u6210\u529f\u6761\u4ef6\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u8bb8\u5b97\u529b\u300a\u6cd5\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u300b\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\uff0c\u5143\u7167\u51fa\u7248\u516c\u53f8\uff0c<\/span><span>2007<\/span><span>\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>6<\/span><span>\uff0d<\/span><span>8<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref49\" title=\"_ftn49\" name=\"_ftn49\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[49]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u53c2\u89c1\u5218\u5e86\u745e\u300a\u6bd4\u8f83\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u53f0\u5317\uff0c\u81ea\u520a\uff0c<\/span><span>1992<\/span><span>\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>275<\/span><span>\uff0d<\/span><span>276<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref50\" title=\"_ftn50\" name=\"_ftn50\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[50]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u76f8\u5173\u7814\u7a76\u53c2\u89c1\u848b\u5609\u4e00\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0e\u653f\u7b56\u5408\u6cd5\u5316\u4e4b\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u53f0\u6e7e\u5927\u5b66\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u7855\u58eb\u8bba\u6587\uff08<\/span><span>1984<\/span><span>\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>126<\/span><span>\uff0d<\/span><span>131<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref51\" title=\"_ftn51\" name=\"_ftn51\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[51]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u53f2\u5b9e\u7eaa\u8981\u7f16\u8f91\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u201d\u7f16\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u53f2\u5b9e\u7eaa\u8981\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>1179<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002\u8d77\u521d\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4f1a\u8bae\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u53d7\u7406\u516c\u6c11\u4e2a\u4eba\u91ca\u5baa\u7533\u8bf7\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u624d\u9010\u6e10\u8865\u5145\u3001\u5b8c\u5584\u4e4b\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref52\" title=\"_ftn52\" name=\"_ftn52\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[52]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u590f\u65b0\u534e\u7b49\u6574\u7406\u300a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u5baa\u653f\u5386\u7a0b\uff1a\u53f2\u6599\u835f\u8403\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>1150<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref53\" title=\"_ftn53\" name=\"_ftn53\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[53]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u53f2\u5b9e\u7eaa\u8981\u7f16\u8f91\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u201d\u7f16\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u53f2\u5b9e\u7eaa\u8981\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>1194<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref54\" title=\"_ftn54\" name=\"_ftn54\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[54]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u96f7\u9707\uff1a\u300a\u5236\u5baa\u8ff0\u8981\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>41<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref55\" title=\"_ftn55\" name=\"_ftn55\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[55]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u82cf\u6c38\u94a6\uff1a\u300a\u4ece\u4f53\u7cfb\u529f\u80fd\u89c2\u70b9\u770b\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u6539\u9769\u65b9\u5411\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u82cf\u6c38\u94a6\u300a\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u6587\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u53f0\u5317\uff0c\u81ea\u520a\uff0c<\/span><span>1988<\/span><span>\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>20<\/span><span>\uff0d<\/span><span>21<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref56\" title=\"_ftn56\" name=\"_ftn56\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[56]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u7fc1\u5cb3\u751f\uff1a\u300a\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u529f\u80fd\u6f14\u53d8\u4e4b\u68c0\u8ba8\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u884c\u653f\u4e0e\u53f8\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>440<\/span><span>\uff0d<\/span><span>441<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref57\" title=\"_ftn57\" name=\"_ftn57\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[57]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u82cf\u6c38\u94a6\uff1a\u300a\u4ece\u4f53\u7cfb\u529f\u80fd\u89c2\u70b9\u770b\u5927\u6cd5\u5b98\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u6539\u9769\u65b9\u5411\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u6587\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>21<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref58\" title=\"_ftn58\" name=\"_ftn58\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[58]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u5fb7\u56fd\u591a\u5143\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u7cfb\u7edf\u53c2\u89c1\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279<\/span><span>\u00b7<\/span><span>\u970d\u6069\u7b49\u300a\u5fb7\u56fd\u6c11\u5546\u6cd5\u5bfc\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u695a\u5efa\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c<\/span><span>1996<\/span><span>\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>29<\/span><span>\uff0d<\/span><span>36<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref59\" title=\"_ftn59\" name=\"_ftn59\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[59]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u53c2\u89c1\u82cf\u6c38\u94a6\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4f4d\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u82cf\u6c38\u94a6\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u6539\u9769\u7684\u518d\u6539\u9769\u300b\uff0c\u6708\u65e6\u51fa\u7248\u516c\u53f8\uff0c<\/span><span>1998<\/span><span>\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>248<\/span><span>\uff0d<\/span><span>249<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref60\" title=\"_ftn60\" name=\"_ftn60\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[60]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u6545\u5bab\u535a\u7269\u9662\u660e\u6e05\u6863\u6848\u90e8\u7f16\u300a\u6e05\u672b\u7b79\u5907\u7acb\u5baa\u6863\u6848\u53f2\u6599\u300b\u4e0a\u518c\uff0c\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c40\uff0c<\/span><span>1979<\/span><span>\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>91<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref61\" title=\"_ftn61\" name=\"_ftn61\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[61]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u9ec4\u6e90\u76db\uff1a\u300a\u5e73\u653f\u9662\u88c1\u51b3\u4e66\u6574\u7f16\u4e0e\u521d\u63a2\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u6c11\u521d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53d8\u8fc1\u4e0e\u88c1\u5224\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>144<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref62\" title=\"_ftn62\" name=\"_ftn62\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[62]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u53c2\u89c1<\/span><span>\u7f57\u5fd7\u6e0a\u7f16\u8457\u300a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5236\u6f14\u53d8\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>409<\/span><span>\uff0d<\/span><span>412<\/span><span>\u9875<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref63\" title=\"_ftn63\" name=\"_ftn63\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[63]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u53c2\u89c1\u201c\u76d1\u5bdf\u9662\u5b9e\u5f55\u7f16\u8f91\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u201d\u7f16\u300a\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u76d1\u5bdf\u9662\u5b9e\u5f55\u300b\uff08\u4e00\uff09\uff0c\u53f0\u5317\uff0c\u81ea\u520a\uff0c<\/span><span>1981<\/span><span>\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>27<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref64\" title=\"_ftn64\" name=\"_ftn64\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[64]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u201c\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u53f2\u5b9e\u7eaa\u8981\u7f16\u8f91\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u201d\u7f16\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u9662\u53f2\u5b9e\u7eaa\u8981\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>7<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref65\" title=\"_ftn65\" name=\"_ftn65\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[65]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u82cf\u6c38\u94a6\uff1a\u300a\u5baa\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0a\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u793a\u8303\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u8d70\u5165\u65b0\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5baa\u653f\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>393<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref66\" title=\"_ftn66\" name=\"_ftn66\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[66]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> <\/span><span>\u5f20\u4ec1\u5584\uff1a\u300a\u53f8\u6cd5\u8150\u8d25\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u5931\u63a7\uff08<\/span><span>1928<\/span><span>\uff5e<\/span><span>1949<\/span><span>\uff09\u300b\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c<\/span><span>2005<\/span><span>\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span><span>6<\/span><span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoFootnoteText\"><a href=\"#_ftnref67\" title=\"_ftn67\" name=\"_ftn67\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span><span><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span>[67]<\/span><\/span><!--[endif]--><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><span> 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[2] 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