{"id":252,"date":"2008-02-21T01:26:55","date_gmt":"2008-02-21T05:26:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.law.harvard.edu\/guorui\/2008\/02\/21\/li-meng-on-abstract-society\/"},"modified":"2008-02-21T01:26:55","modified_gmt":"2008-02-21T05:26:55","slug":"li-meng-on-abstract-society","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/guorui\/2008\/02\/21\/li-meng-on-abstract-society\/","title":{"rendered":"Li Meng: On Abstract Society"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u674e\u731b\uff1a\u8bba\u62bd\u8c61\u793e\u4f1a<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd what is the whole world? An infinity with no face! An abstraction\u201dMilan Kundera\uff0cSlowness<\/p>\n

\u81ea\u4ece18\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u6d6a\u6f2b\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ee5\u53ca\u6fc0\u8fdb\u4e3b\u4e49\u5c31\u59cb\u7ec8\u4e0d\u61c8\u5730\u653b\u51fb\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5404\u9879\u5236\u5ea6\uff08\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236 \u5ea6\uff09\u8fc7\u4e8e\u62bd\u8c61\uff0c\u65e2\u65e0\u89c6\u4e2a\u4eba\u6216\u96c6\u4f53\uff08\u6c11\u65cf\u3001\u6587\u5316\uff09\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u6027\u548c\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\uff0c\u53c8\u8131\u79bb\u4e86\u4e0e\u5404\u79cd\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u5ff5\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\u548c\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u601d\u6f6e\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u7814\u7a76 \u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u4ee5\u5404\u79cd\u590d\u6742\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u201c\u6279\u5224\u6bcd\u9898\u201d\uff08Hawthorn 1987\uff09\u3002\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u6027\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c3d\u7ba1\u7ecf\u5e38\u53d7\u5230\u5ffd\u89c6\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u4e0d\u65ad\u4ee5\u5404\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u6d6e\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e00\u76f4\u96be\u4ee5\u7528 \u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u89e3\u51b3\u201c\u62bd\u8c61\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\uff08abstract society\uff091 \u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002
\n
\n\u62bd\u8c61\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u6765\u81ea\u73b0\u4ee3\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b \u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u73b0\u4ee3\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\uff0c\u65e2\u975e\u53e4\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7531\u201c\u516c\u6c11\u540c\u4f34\u201d\uff08civis\uff092 \u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u57ce\u90a6\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u817e\u5c3c\u65af\u5e26\u7740\u6000\u65e7\u60c5\u611f\u6784\u9020\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u7f8e\u597d\u201c\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u201d3\uff0c\u800c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u7199\u7199\u6518\u6518\u7684\u201c\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u201d\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u62e5\u6324\u4f46\u5374\u591a\u5c11\u6709\u4e9b\u51b7\u6f20\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u4eba\u7684 \u773c\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u6d82\u5c14\u5e72\u7b14\u4e0b\u4ee5\u66f2\u6298\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u88ab\u5d07\u62dc\u7684\u795e\u5723\u4e8b\u7269\uff08\u6d82\u5c14\u5e721992\uff1a\u7b2c2\u7bc7\u7b2c7\u7ae0\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u597d\u8c61\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4e0d\u65ad\u52a0\u4ee5\u8003\u5bdf\u3001\u7814 \u7a76\u3001\u53cd\u601d\u548c\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002\u7528\u4e00\u4f4d\u6cd5\u56fd\u5de6\u6d3e\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u751f\u6d3b\u964d\u683c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u601d\u8fa8\u65c1\u89c2\u548c\u6c89\u601d\u51a5\u60f3\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u201d\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u88ab\u51b7\u773c\u65c1\u89c2\u7684\u201c\u573a\u666f\u201d \uff08spectacle\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e00\u822c\u5316\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u7269\uff08generalized abstraction, Debord 1987:18-19\uff09\u3002\u5728\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u5fc3\u76ee\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u662f\u4e00\u67b6\u7531\u6beb\u65e0\u611f\u60c5\u8272\u5f69\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u88c5\u914d\u800c\u6210\u7684\u673a\u5668\uff0c\u5b83\u9700\u8981\u7ec4\u88c5\u3001\u8c03\u8bd5\u3001\u4fee\u7406\u751a\u81f3\u91cd\u6784\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u6ca1 \u6709\u4eba\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u4e5f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u5185\u6db5\u3002\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u62bd\u8c61\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4eba\u9020\u7684\u5f17\u5170\u80af\u65af\u5766\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f00\u59cb\u8c61\u6076\u9b54\u4e00\u6837\u652f\u914d\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u4f46\u4e8b\u5b9e\u679c\u771f\u5982\u6b64\u5417\uff1f \u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u62bd\u8c61\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u5e0c\u671b\u7834\u9664\u5404\u79cd\u5b9e\u8df5\u6216\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\uff0c\u63a2\u7d22\u201c\u62bd\u8c61\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u7684\u590d\u6742\u673a\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n

1\uff0e\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u201c\u62bd\u8c61\u793e\u4f1a\u201d<\/p>\n

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\u5728\u8fd9\u6bb5\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u8bdd\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e24\u70b9\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6d82\u5c14\u5e72\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u5371\u9669\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4e9a\u5f53\u2022\u65af\u5bc6\u7b14\u4e0b\u72ec\u7acb\u7684 \u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u5728\u6d82\u5c14\u5e72\u7684\u7b14\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6d88\u5931\u4e0d\u89c1\u4e86\uff0c\u4eba\u6210\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u201c\u5668\u5b98\u201d\u30025 \u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5bf9\u4eba\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6027\u7684\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u5c06\u62bd\u8c61\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6280\u672f\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u5ef6\u7eed\u5230\u4eba\u7684\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f7f\u4eba\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u201c\u5080\u5121\u201d\uff08Garfinkel 1967\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u4ece\u5f15\u6587\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5728\u6d82\u5c14\u5e72\u7684\u773c\u4e2d\uff0c\u663e\u7136\u6211\u4eec\u5b8c\u5168\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4e3a\u5e02\u573a\u793e\u4f1a\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u7262\u56fa\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u800c\u5206\u5de5\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d \u4ec5\u4e0d\u4f1a\u59a8\u788d\u8fd9\u79cd\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u662f\u540e\u8005\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u524d\u63d0\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u6d82\u5c14\u5e72\u5e76\u4e0d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u7b49\u5f85\u8fd9\u79cd\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u800c\u5e94\u8be5\u8fd0\u7528\u5404\u79cd\u624b\u6bb5\u4fc3\u4f7f\u5b83\u53d1\u5c55\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u6240 \u9700\u8981\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u201d\u3002\u6d82\u5c14\u5e72\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5728\u6697\u793a\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u501f\u52a9\u5206\u5de5\u7684\u673a\u5236\u4ecd\u7136\u4e0d\u591f\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u5176\u5b83\u5404\u79cd\u6709\u5f62\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8054\u7cfb\u6216\u5236\u5ea6\u5b89\u6392\u6765\u76f4\u63a5\u5de9\u56fa\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u56e2\u7ed3\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5b8c\u6210\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6280\u672f\u6682 \u65f6\u4e0d\u80fd\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6d82\u5c14\u5e72\u6bd5\u751f\u5021\u5bfc\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u4e2d\u95f4\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u662f\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e00\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u65b9\u5f0f\u30026<\/p>\n

\u6d82\u5c14\u5e72\u4e0e\u4ed6\u5fc3\u76ee\u4e2d\u7684\u4e9a\u5f53 \u2022\u65af\u5bc6\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u5206\u6b67\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5df2\u7ecf\u9884\u793a\u4e86\u6b64\u540e\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u56f4\u7ed5\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u5c55\u5f00\u7684\u590d\u6742\u4e89\u8bba\u3002\u5728\u4e89\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u201d\u4e00\u65b9\u5f80\u5f80\u575a\u6301\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u62bd\u8c61 \u673a\u5236\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u6709\u788d\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6574\u5408\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6574\u5408\uff0c\u4f46\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4f9d\u9760\u8fd9\u4e9b\u673a\u5236\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\uff08\u7cfb\u7edf\uff09\u6574\u5408\u81f3\u5c11\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u53d1\u5c55\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e \u4f1a\u5bfb\u627e\u5176\u5b83\u4e00\u4e9b\u793e\u4f1a\u6574\u5408\uff08\u9053\u5fb7\u56e2\u7ed3\uff09\u7684\u673a\u5236\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u601d\u8def\u6700\u7ec8\u5728\u54c8\u8d1d\u9a6c\u65af\u6709\u5173\u201c\u7cfb\u7edf\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u751f\u6d3b\u4e16\u754c\u201d\u7684\u4e8c\u5143\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u6700\u5145\u5206\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u3002\u5728\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\uff0c\u54c8\u8d1d\u9a6c\u65af\u7528\u4e00 \u79cd\u5362\u66fc\u5f0f\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u89c2\u7406\u89e3\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u62bd\u8c61\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u627f\u8ba4\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u6574\u5408\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ecd\u9700\u8981\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u5efa\u7acb\u793e\u4f1a\u56e2\u7ed3\u7684\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u80fd\u591f\u8fdb\u884c\u4e0d\u88ab \u6b6a\u66f2\u7684\u6c9f\u901a\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u4e16\u754c\uff08Habermas 1984\u548c1987\uff09\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4fe1\u5949\u62bd\u8c61\u673a\u5236\u7684\u81ea\u53d1\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u5b66\u8005\uff08\u5176\u4e2d\u65e2\u6709\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u5021\u5bfc\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u8005\uff09\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u89c4\u8303\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u201d\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u4e0d \u4ec5\u662f\u5f92\u52b3\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u5371\u9669\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f88\u96be\u627e\u5230\u8c61\u4f20\u7edf\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u6574\u5408\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u4ef7\u503c\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5171\u4eab\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u89c2\uff0c\u800c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u4ee5\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e3a \u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5a92\u4ecb\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0e\u4f26\u7406\u5219\u5b8c\u5168\u9000\u5165\u201c\u79c1\u4eba\u7a7a\u95f4\u201d\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e0e\u6574\u5408\u95ee\u9898\u65e0\u5173\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u6574\u5408\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u6574\u5408\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c \u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u53ea\u80fd\u501f\u52a9\u7cfb\u7edf\u6574\u5408\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\u6574\u5408\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7cfb\u7edf\u6574\u5408\u4e5f\u8db3\u4ee5\u627f\u62c5\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u800c\u8bd5\u56fe\u5efa\u6784\u67d0\u79cd\u89c4\u8303\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u5728\u5f3a\u52a0\u67d0\u79cd\u540c\u6837\u4eba\u4e3a\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u7269\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c \u5f80\u5f80\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e00\u6761\u201c\u901a\u5411\u5974\u5f79\u4e4b\u8def\u201d\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u4f7f\u73b0\u4ee3\u4eba\u6210\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u201c\u5080\u5121\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u5728\u4e89\u8bba\u53cc\u65b9\u7684\u773c\u4e2d\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u5982\u679c\u53ea\u8bc9\u8bf8\u7cfb\u7edf\u6574\u5408\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u4eba\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u673a\u5668\u91cc\u9762\u7684\u87ba\u4e1d \u9489\uff1b\u800c\u5982\u679c\u8981\u4fdd\u7559\u89c4\u8303\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6574\u5408\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5374\u53c8\u4f1a\u53d8\u6210\u793e\u4f1a\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u7684\u201c\u5668\u5b98\u201d\u3002\u9762\u5bf9\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6280\u672f\u548c\u540c\u6837\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u62bd\u8c61\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u7406\u8bba\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8fdb\u9000\u7ef4 \u8c37\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u4ee5\u4e00\u79cd\u6298\u8877\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u6b63\u9762\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u201c\u62bd\u8c61\u6027\u201d\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5728\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684 \u5206\u6790\u4e2d\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u89e6\u53ca\u4e86\u5236\u5ea6\uff08\u5404\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\uff09\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u5316\u4e0e\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u5316\u548c\u666e\u4e16\u5316\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u5206\u6790\u4e0e\u8457\u540d\u7684\u201c\u6a21\u5f0f\u53d8\u91cf\u201d\uff08pattern variables\uff09\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7cfb\u7edf\u5a92\u4ecb\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5728\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u201c\u62bd\u8c61\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u7684\u8bf8\u591a\u4fa7\u9762\u3002\u5728\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u773c\u4e2d\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6838\u5fc3 \u7279\u5f81\u6b63\u5728\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u548c\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0d\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u4ed6\u4eba\u53d1\u751f\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0b\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u4e00\u822c\u5316\u7684\u5a92\u4ecb\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u6784\u4ef6\u3002\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u5206\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8f83\u201c\u53d1\u8fbe\u7684\u201d \uff08\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8f83\u5206\u5316\u7684\uff09\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ef\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u8c03\u9002\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e00\u822c\u5316\u7684\u5a92\u4ecb\u6b63\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7cfb\u7edf\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u8c03\u9002\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u968f\u7740\u7cfb\u7edf\u8c03\u9002\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u9010\u6e10\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u4ef7\u503c\u6a21\u5f0f\u9010\u6e10\u8d8b\u4e8e\u4e00 \u822c\u5316\u3002\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u5c06\u6e90\u4e8e\u7981\u6b32\u65b0\u6559\u6559\u6d3e\u7684\u666e\u904d\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u79ef\u6781\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5b83\u4f7f\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5177\u6709\u5178\u578b\u7684\u201c\u8054\u5408\u6027\u201d \uff08associational\uff09\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u800c\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898\u2015\u2015\u6574\u5408\u95ee\u9898\uff08Parsons 1966, 1971, 1991\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u666e\u904d\u5316\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5a92\u4ecb\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u53c8\u6070\u6070\u6f5c\u5728\u5730\u8fce\u5408\u4e86\u5c06\u666e\u904d\u5316\u4ef7\u503c\u770b\u4f5c\u4e00\u79cd\u62bd\u8c61\u673a \u5236\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u540c\u65f6\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u6709\u5173\u62bd\u8c61\u793e\u4f1a\u4e89\u8bba\u53cc\u65b9\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u30027 \u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u8bba\u8ff0\u7684\u5173\u952e\u7f3a\u9677\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u5f53\u4ed6\u5c06\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u6027\u4e0e\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u6027\u901a\u8fc7\u5a92\u4ecb\u6982\u5ff5\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u89e3\u51b3\u4e89\u8bba\u53cc\u65b9\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u540c\u65f6\u9677\u5165\u4e86\u53cc\u65b9\u7684\u56f0\u5883\u3002 \u201c\u89c4\u8303\u5185\u5316\u6a21\u5f0f\u201d\u5728\u5c06\u6bcf\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u53d8\u6210\u9075\u5b88\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u201c\u5668\u5b98\u201d\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u80fd\u591f\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u5c65\u884c\u201c\u87ba\u4e1d\u9489\u201d\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n

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3\uff0e\u5de5\u5177\u7406\u6027\u6269\u5f20\u7684\u7406\u8bba<\/p>\n

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1\uff0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7406\u6027\u4e0e\u751f\u6d3b\u7eaa\u5f8b<\/p>\n

\u73b0\u4ee3 \u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u6cbb\u7406\u6280\u672f\u7684\u5174\u8d77\uff0c\u662f\u9762\u5bf9\u6240\u8c13\u201c17\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u603b\u5371\u673a\u201d\uff08The general crisis of the 17th Century\uff0cH. Trevor-Roper\u8bed\uff09\u9010\u6e10\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u7406\u6027\u5316\u6b65\u9aa4\u300217\u4e16\u7eaa\u65e9\u671f\uff0c\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u601d\u60f3\u4e0a\uff0c\u90fd\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e25\u5cfb\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u671f\u95f4\uff0c \u81ea\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u76db\u671f\uff08High Middle Age\uff09\u4ee5\u964d\u9010\u6e10\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u897f\u6b27\u7684\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u201d\uff08the modernity of the Renaissance\uff09\uff0c\u9010\u6e10\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u6240\u4ee3\u66ff\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\uff0c\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u6000\u7591\u4e3b\u4e49\u8272\u5f69\u7684\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u5bfb\u6c42\u4e00\u79cd\u666e\u904d\u6027\u548c\u201c\u786e\u5b9a\u6027 \u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\uff08the politics of certainty\uff0cToulmin 1990\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\u5bfb\u6c42 \u5efa\u8bbe\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee5\u66f4\u52a0\u7406\u6027\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u7528\u798f\u67ef\u7684\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u65b0\u7684\u7406\u6027\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u6743\u529b\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u5c06\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7684\uff0c\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u968f\u610f\u6027\u7684\u66b4\u8650\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5c0f\u5fc3\u8c28\u614e\u3001\u7ec6 \u81f4\u5165\u5fae\u5730\u7ba1\u7406\u751f\u547d\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff08Foucault 1979\uff1a\u7b2c5\u90e8\u5206\uff09\u3002\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u653f\u6743\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u6cbb\u7406\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u80b2\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u7a81\u51fa\u5730\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u7406\u6027\uff08reason of state\uff09\u5b66\u8bf4\u548c\u5404\u79cd\u6cbb\u7406\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4ece\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u653f\u6cbb\u795e\u5b66\u8fd8\u662f\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u601d\u60f3 \uff08civic republicanism\uff09\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898\u90fd\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5efa\u6784\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f53\u73b0\u6b63\u4e49\u548c\u5584\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\uff08Pocock 1975\uff0cMuller 1993\uff1a39ff\uff09\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u6700\u5c0a\u8d35\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u662f\u6709\u5173\u5171\u548c\u7684\u827a\u672f\uff08art of republic\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u5171\u548c\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e00\u79cd\u5c06\u516c\u6c11\u53c2\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u4e3a\u516c\u5171\u7684\u5584\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u5fb7\u6027\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u3002\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b66\u8bf4\u5c06\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6574\u5408\u4e0e\u653f \u5e9c\u7684\u6b63\u4e49\u6027\u4ee5\u53ca\u516c\u5171\u7684\u5584\u7d27\u5bc6\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u73b0\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u5148\u9a71\u7684\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u4ecd\u7136\u575a\u5b9a\u5730\u634d\u536b\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u6839\u672c\u7279\u5f81\uff08Viroli 1992\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u5728\u300a\u541b\u4e3b\u8bba\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u8fd8\u662f\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u67d0\u79cd\u5217\u5965\u2022\u65af\u7279\u52b3\u65af\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u7684\u9769\u547d\u201d\uff08Strauss 1989:88\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u9769\u547d\u201d\u5c31\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u300a\u541b\u4e3b\u8bba\u300b\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u5f53\u65f6\u76db\u884c\u7684\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u8bd5\u56fe\u4e0d\u518d\u53ea\u4ece\u4e00\u79cd\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u51fa\u53d1\u601d\u8003\u653f\u6cbb\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4ece\u6240\u8c13 \u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u4eba\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u6cbb\u56fd\u672f\uff08statecraft\uff09\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u63a2\u8ba8\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u4ece\u4e00\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u4fee\u8f9e\u5b66\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u89c2\uff0c\u4ee5\u5904\u7406\u4e16\u4fd7\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\u7684 \u5076\u53d8\u56e0\u7d20\uff08Pocock 1975\uff09\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u4ecd\u7136\u5e0c\u671b\u5728\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5171\u548c\u827a\u672f\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u517c\u5bb9\u6cbb\u56fd\u827a\u672f\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5c06\u653f\u6cbb\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4ecd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u516c\u6c11\u54f2\u5b66\u7684 \u5171\u548c\u89c2\u5ff5\uff08Viroli 1992\uff1a\u7b2c3\u7ae0\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u7ee7\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u64b0\u5199\u201c\u738b\u516c\u4e4b\u9274\u201d\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u5f00\u59cb\u629b\u5f00\u5171\u548c\u95ee\u9898\u6765\u63a2\u8ba8\u6cbb\u56fd\u672f\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7406\u6027\u201d\u5b66\u8bf4\u5360\u636e\u4e86\u6574\u4e2a\u653f\u6cbb\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u821e \u53f0\uff0c\u6cbb\u7406\u672f\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7406\u6027\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5f00\u59cb\u9010\u6e10\u8131\u79bb\u4e86\u4e0e\u5e26\u6709\u89c4\u8303\u8272\u5f69\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5173\u8054\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u201c\u6cbb\u7406\u201d\u95ee\u9898\u4ece\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u90a3\u91cc\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u201c\u541b\u4e3b\u201d\u5f15\u7533\u5230\u201c\u5143\u9996\u3001\u7687\u5e1d\u3001\u56fd \u738b\u3001\u541b\u4e3b\u3001\u8d35\u65cf\u3001\u957f\u5b98\u3001\u6559\u58eb\u3001\u6cd5\u5b98\u53ca\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6cbb\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u4e5f\u4e0d\u518d\u5c40\u9650\u4e8e\u6218\u4e89\u95ee\u9898\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56ca\u62ec\u4e86\u4ece\u5bb6\u5ead\u3001\u513f\u7ae5\u5230\u5b97\u6559\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u8bf8\u591a\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u968f\u7740\u6cbb \u7406\u95ee\u9898\u6446\u8131\u4e86\u5171\u548c\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e3b\u6743\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u7684\u9769\u547d\u201d\u624d\u7b97\u662f\u5f7b\u5e95\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\uff08\u798f\u67ef1998\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u8fd9\u6b21\u201c\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u7684\u9769\u547d\u201d\u771f\u8c61\u5217\u5965\u2022\u65af\u7279\u52b3\u65af\u6240\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u662f\u4ece\u6b64\u5c06\u653f\u6cbb\u95ee\u9898\u53d8\u6210\u4e00\u79cd\u6280\u672f\u95ee\u9898\u5417\uff1f\u5fb7\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5965\u4f0a\u65af\u7279\u83b1\u8d6b\u6709\u5173\u65b0\u65af\u591a\u5676\u6d3e\u4e0e\u65e9\u671f\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f62\u6210\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u6240\u505a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\uff08Oestreich 1982\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5965\u4f0a\u65af\u7279\u83b1\u8d6b\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u8377\u5170\u7b49\u65e9\u671f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u65b0\u65af\u591a\u5676\u6d3e\u7684\u590d\u5174\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u975e\u5e38\u5173\u952e\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u9762\u5bf9\u7531\u5b97\u6559\u6218\u4e89\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u201c\u603b\u5371\u673a\u201d\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f53\u7cfb \u4ee5\u53ca\u65e7\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6574\u5408\u65b9\u5f0f\u5df2\u7ecf\u8d8b\u4e8e\u5d29\u6e83\uff0c\u91cd\u5efa\u6743\u5a01\u548c\u79e9\u5e8f\u6210\u4e86\u5f53\u52a1\u4e4b\u6025\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f62\u5f0f\u9010\u6e10\u8131\u9896\u800c\u51fa\u3002\u4f46\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5c01\u5efa\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f53 \u7cfb\u548c\u6cd5\u56e2\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f53\u7cfb\u501f\u52a9\u6559\u4f1a\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u5c01\u5efa\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u6574\u5408\u548c\u5229\u76ca\u5206\u914d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5728\u5b97\u6559\u6218\u4e89\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5206\u88c2\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u5374\u5f88\u96be\u518d\u4f9d\u9760\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u5b97\u6559\u6765\u63d0\u4f9b \u5171\u4eab\u89c4\u8303\u5f0f\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6574\u5408\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5728\u8377\u5170\u8fd9\u6837\u65b0\u6559\u4e0e\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5171\u5904\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u5c24\u5176\u660e\u663e\u3002\u800c\u8377\u5170\u7684\u201c\u5f8b\u5e08\/\u5b66\u8005\u201d\u4eec\u501f\u52a9\u65b0\u65af\u591a\u5676\u6d3e\u7684\u590d\u5174\u8fd0\u52a8\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6574 \u5408\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u5965\u4f0a\u65af\u7279\u83b1\u8d6b\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b0\u65af\u591a\u5676\u6d3e\u5728\u8377\u5170\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5f62\u5851\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u4eba\u201d\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u3002\u65b0\u65af\u591a\u5676\u6d3e\u5728\u5f3a\u8c03\u5b9e\u529b\u548c\u519b\u961f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u589e\u957f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6743\u529b\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528 \u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u81ea\u5f8b\uff0c\u6269\u5927\u5bf9\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u5bf9\u519b\u961f\u3001\u5b98\u5458\u4e43\u81f3\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u884c\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u79cd\u9002\u5e94\u65b0\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3001\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u670d\u4ece\u548c\u4e49\u52a1\u611f\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7eaa\u5f8b\u3002 \u800c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u7f57\u9a6c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5fb7\u884c\u548c\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u7406\u6027\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u5728\u5965\u4f0a\u65af\u7279\u83b1\u8d6b\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u201c\u2018\u56fd\u5bb6\u7406\u6027\u2019\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u5c06\u66f4\u9ad8\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684 \u7406\u6027\u548c\u70ed\u60c5\u5e26\u5165\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u8fd9\u662f\u65b0\u65af\u591a\u5676\u6d3e\u5173\u4e8e\u7406\u6027\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u4e0e\u4eba\u5e94\u8be5\u79ef\u6781\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u6559\u8bf2\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u201d\uff08Oestreich 1982\uff1a70\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u97e6\u4f2f\u5728\u5206\u6790\u65b0\u6559\u4f26\u7406\u4e0e\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u6709\u62e9\u4eb2\u5408\u5173\u7cfb\u65f6\uff0c\u66fe\u4ece\u751f\u6d3b\u79e9\u5e8f\uff08life orders\uff09\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5165\u624b\u53d1\u6398\u5e26\u6709\u4f26\u7406\u8272\u5f69\u7684\u4e2a\u6027\u5851\u9020\u7684\u5173\u952e\u610f\u4e49\uff08Hennis 1988\uff09\u3002\u9488\u5bf9\u65e9\u671f\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5965\u4f0a\u65af\u7279\u83b1\u8d6b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u540c\u6837\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u97e6\u4f2f\u5f0f\u7684\u547d\u9898\u3002\u56fd\u5bb6\u6cbb\u7406\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u80b2\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u6269 \u5f20\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e0e\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u4eba\u201d\u7684\u5851\u9020\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u5316\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u8377\u5170\u519b\u961f\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u58eb\u6c14\uff0c\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6b63\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0e\u65b0\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u7406\u6027\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7eaa\u5f8b\u3002\u8fd9 \u79cd\u7eaa\u5f8b\u6b63\u8c61\u6df1\u53d7\u65b0\u6559\u4f26\u7406\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u7eaa\u5f8b\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u5b89\u6392\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002\u7528\u798f\u67ef\u7684\u8bdd\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u6cbb\u7406\u672f\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u5c06\u4e00\u79cd\u6743\u529b\u6280\u672f\u4e0e\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u6211\u6280\u672f\u8054\u7cfb \u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u770b\u6765\u662f\u5355\u7eaf\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6280\u672f\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u672f\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u53ef\u60f3\u8c61\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

2\uff0e\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0e\u7ec5\u58eb\u793e\u4f1a\uff1a\u5b5f\u5fb7\u65af\u9e20\u547d\u9898<\/p>\n

\u4ece\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u5230\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u6cbb\u7406\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u5c06\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u5bb6\u653f\u201d\uff08economy\uff09\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u201c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u201c\u6cbb\u5b89\u201d \uff08police\uff09\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u7684\u5174\u8d77\uff08\u798f\u67ef1998\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5c55\u73b0\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u62bd\u8c61\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u4e0d\u540c\u9886\u57df\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6280\u672f\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8482\u5229\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u897f\u6b27\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6218\u4e89\u8fd9\u79cd\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u72af\u7f6a\u201d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3\u73af\u8282\uff0c\u800c\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5219\u662f\u8981\u5728\u8d22\u653f\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u69a8\u53d6\u4e0e\u519b\u5907\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u519b\u961f\u5efa\u8bbe\u4e4b \u95f4\u5efa\u7acb\u826f\u6027\u7684\u5faa\u73af\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u7740\u8981\u5728\u5f3a\u5236\u7684\u96c6\u4e2d\u548c\u79ef\u7d2f\u4e0e\u8d44\u672c\u7684\u96c6\u4e2d\u548c\u79ef\u7d2f\u4e4b\u95f4\u6700\u7ec8\u80fd\u591f\u5efa\u7acb\u67d0\u79cd\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u5373\u901a\u8fc7\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u8d44\u672c\u5316\u5f3a\u5236\u201d \uff08capitalized coercion\uff09\uff0c\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5b9e\u73b0\u519b\u4e8b\u6b66\u88c5\u4e0e\u8d22\u653f\u673a\u5236\u7684\u5185\u5728\u5316\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u5728\u5217\u5f3a\u6797\u7acb\u7684\u897f\u6b27\u653f\u6cbb\u821e\u53f0\u4e0a\u751f\u5b58\u4e0b\u6765\u5e76\u5f97\u4ee5\u53d1\u5c55\uff08Tilly 1992\uff09\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\u5728\u8482\u5229\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u8d44\u672c\u5316\u5f3a\u5236\u201d\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6d89\u53ca\u4e86\u54ea\u4e9b\u9690\u542b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6574\u5408\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u81ea\u91cd\u5546\u4e3b\u4e49\u59cb\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f00\u59cb\u65e5 \u76ca\u5173\u6ce8\u5bf9\u56fd\u5185\u8d38\u6613\u4e0e\u56fd\u9645\u8d38\u6613\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u3002\u4ece\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7406\u6027\u548c\u6cbb\u7406\u7406\u6027\u7684\u8303\u7574\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u53ef\u80fd\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65 \u5c06\u653f\u6cbb\u95ee\u9898\u6280\u672f\u5316\uff0c\u5e76\u6709\u5c06\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u6027\u5316\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7406\u6027\u5316\u5408\u6d41\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\u3002\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u6545\u4e8b\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7b80\u5355\u300218\u4e16\u7eaa\u8bb8\u591a\u6770\u51fa\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8d38\u6613\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b \u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u8981\u590d\u6742\u5f97\u591a\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4efb\u610f\u6743\u529b\u7684\u81a8\u80c0\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5219\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7406\u6027\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7406\u6027\u5316\uff0c\u5219\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u5728 \u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u5fc3\u76ee\u4e2d\uff0c\u8d38\u6613\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u516c\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u65b9\u5f0f\u548c\u4fdd\u969c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5b5f\u5fb7\u65af\u9e20\u5728\u300a\u8bba\u6cd5\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u9c9c\u660e\u5730\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u8fd9 \u79cd\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u8d38\u6613\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u65f6\uff0c\u5b5f\u5fb7\u65af\u9e20\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u65e2\u4f7f\u6c11\u4f17\u98ce\u4fd7\u8d8b\u4e8e\u6e29\u539a\uff0c\u800c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u73b0\u4ee3\u8d38\u6613\uff08\u8282\u4fed\u7684\u8d38\u6613\uff09\u4e0e\u591a\u4eba\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c \u5c24\u5176\u662f\u548c\u5171\u548c\u4f53\u5236\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u5374\u4e0e\u5d07\u5c1a\u5962\u534e\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u6ca1\u6709\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u300212 \u4ece\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u7e41\u8363\uff0c\u57f9\u690d\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\u516c\u5171\u8d22\u5bcc\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u7a81\u51fa\u5730\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u94f6\u884c\u548c\u516c\u53f8\u4e2d\uff08\u5b5f\u5fb7\u65af\u9e20 1987\uff0c\u7b2c4\u5377\uff0913\u3002<\/p>\n

\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u56de\u5230\u8482\u5229\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5728\u897f\u6b27\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd \u8f83\u65e9\u5730\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u8d44\u672c\u5316\u5f3a\u5236\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u4e0e\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u5e76\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4ece\u519b\u5907\u57fa\u7840\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4eba\u53e3\uff09\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u663e\u7136\u5904\u4e8e\u52a3\u52bf\uff0c\u4f46\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u82f1\u56fd\u5728\u4e0e\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u4e89\u9738\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5374\u5904\u4e8e\u67d0 \u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4f18\u52bf\u5c31\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\u901a\u8fc7\u8d22\u653f\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u6210\u7acb\u7279\u8bb8\u94f6\u884c\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5728\u69a8\u53d6\u8d44\u6e90\u4e0e\u519b\u5907\u5efa\u8bbe\u65b9\u9762\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u6548\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5173\u8054\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8d1f\u8d23\u5411\u56fd\u5bb6\u63d0\u4f9b\u501f \u6b3e\u7684\u94f6\u884c\uff0c\u4f7f\u82f1\u56fd\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u7b79\u96c6\u5230\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\uff0c\u4ee5\u8d2d\u4e70\u96c7\u4f63\u519b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u53c2\u4e0e\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u907f\u514d\u4e86\u5728\u5e73\u65f6\u7ef4\u6301\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e9e\u5927\u5e38\u5907\u519b\u7684\u9ad8\u989d\u519b\u8d39\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6 \u6cbb\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u53ef\u9884\u8ba1\u6027\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u96be\u4ee5\u7ef4\u6301\u653f\u5e9c\u501f\u6b3e\u7684\u4fe1\u7528\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u53ef\u9884\u8ba1\u6027\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u97e6\u4f2f\u5bf9\u7406\u6027\u5316\u6240\u505a\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u69a8\u53d6\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5f3a\u5f31\uff0c\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u4f9d\u9760\u56fd \u5bb6\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u7406\u6027\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff1b\u800c\u540c\u65f6\u968f\u7740\u56fd\u5bb6\u7406\u6027\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u591f\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u6cbb\u7406\u56fd\u5185\u4e0e\u56fd\u9645\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u8fd1\u4ee3\uff0c\u8fd9\u7a81\u51fa\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\u6240\u4e89\u593a\u7684 \u4efd\u989d\u3002\u7528\u8482\u5229\u7684\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u5316\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u5c11\u6709\u4e9b\u610f\u60f3\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u6548\u679c\uff1a\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6587\u660e\u5316\uff08civilization of government\uff0cTilly 1992\uff1a122-6\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5b5f\u5fb7\u65af\u9e20\u547d\u9898\u8fd8\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u6587\u660e\u5316\u4e0e\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u53d1\u5c55 \u662f\u76f8\u4e92\u4fc3\u8fdb\u7684\u3002\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5b5f\u5fb7\u65af\u9e20\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e2d\u95f4\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5373\u6c11\u4f17\u98ce\u4fd7\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u6c11\u4f17\u98ce\u4fd7\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u6574\u5408\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u79e9 \u5e8f\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u5b5f\u5fb7\u65af\u9e20\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u6c11\u4f17\u9010\u6e10\u6446\u8131\u4e86\u4ee5\u5f80\u201c\u91ce\u86ee\u201d\u7684\u98ce\u4fd7\uff0c\u800c\u8d8b\u4e8e\u6e29\u539a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5b5f\u5fb7\u65af\u9e20\u547d\u9898\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u534a\u5c31\u662f\u501f\u52a9\u201c\u5229\u76ca\u201d \uff08interest\uff09\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u6587\u660e\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f34\u968f\u897f\u6b27\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u653f\u6cbb\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u5c31\u662fcivil society\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u3002Civil society\u65e2\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u7684\u5e02\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e5f\u9010\u6e10\u53d1\u5c55\u6210\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u6587\u660e\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u201c\u793c\u8c8c\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\uff08polite society\uff09\u300214 \u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5f7c\u6b64\u793c\u8c8c\u76f8\u5904\uff0c\u539f\u6765\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5bab\u5ef7\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u793c\u8282\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u666e\u901a\u201d\u5e02\u6c11\u4e4b\u95f4\u4ea4\u5f80\u7684\u201c\u4e92\u52a8\u4eea\u5f0f\u201d\u300215 \u521d\u770b\u4e0a\u53bb\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5fae\u5c0f\u7684\u4eea\u5f0f\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0e\u62bd\u8c61\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0d\u5927\u3002\u4f46\u6b63\u5982\u8d6b\u5e0c\u66fc\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7ec5\u58eb\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u5371\u9669\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u6fc0\u60c5 \uff08passion\uff09\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u665a\u671f\u59cb\u7ec8\u56f0\u6270\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u95ee\u9898\uff08Hirschman 1977\uff09\u3002\u7ec5\u58eb\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u6cbb\u7406\u6280\u672f\u3001\u7406\u6027\u54f2\u5b66\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5bf9\u201c17\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u603b\u5371\u673a\u201d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u5916\u8868\u793c\u8c8c\u5f85\u4eba\uff0c\u5185\u5fc3\u8ffd\u6c42\u81ea\u6211\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728 \u4e92\u52a8\u4e2d\u884c\u4e3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u9884\u671f\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u5f8b\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u6210\u672c\u7684\u964d\u4f4e\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5b83\u4e5f\u662f\u5bf9\u4efb\u610f\u6027\u6743\u529b\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7ea6\u675f\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u4e00\u4e9b\u6cd5\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684 \u7edd\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u793c\u8282\u6216\u793c\u8c8c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7edd\u5bf9\u541b\u4e3b\u5728\u6743\u529b\u8fd0\u7528\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7ea6\u5236\uff0c\u5176\u4f5c\u7528\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e9a\u4e8e\u5baa\u5236\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\uff08Gordon 1994\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6587\u660e\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u5728\u793c\u8282\u548c\u793c\u8c8c\u7684\u4e25\u683c\u63a7\u5236\u4e0b\u7684\u201c\u4e92\u52a8\u4eea\u5f0f\u201d\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u7740\u653f\u5e9c\u7ba1\u7406\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u4e3a\u7a33\u5b9a\u3001\u6709\u5e8f\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n

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3\uff0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u57ce\u5e02\uff1a\u4ece\u6cbb\u7406\u672f\u5230\u5e02\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u53d1\u80b2<\/p>\n

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\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e0d\u4ec5\u590d\u6742\u5f97\u591a\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4f3c\u4e4e\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\uff0c\u5728\u897f\u6b27\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u652f\u914d\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5728\u76f8\u4e92\u5236\u7ea6\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u540c\u65f6\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u6070\u6070\u4e3a\u8bb8\u591a\u4ece\u5355\u9762\u7406\u89e3\u62bd\u8c61\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u6240\u5ffd\u89c6\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56de\u5230\u8482\u5229\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u8fd1\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u6cbb\u7406\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u8482\u5229\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u8fd1\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u57ce \u5e02\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e4b\u95f4\u5904\u4e8e\u4e00\u79cd\u76f8\u4e92\u7ea0\u7f20\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5728\u65e9\u671f\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u7cfb\u7edf\u63a7\u5236\u4e86\u8d44\u672c\u7684\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e0e\u79ef\u7d2f\uff0c\u800c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7cfb\u7edf\u5219\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u519b\u961f\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f3a\u5236\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u4f46\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u8d22\u653f\u501f\u8d37\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u519b\u961f\u7ec4 \u7ec7\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0e\u76f8\u5bf9\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u5728\u5404\u79cd\u81ea\u5c01\u5efa\u65f6\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u9010\u6e10\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5951\u7ea6\u7684\u9650\u5236\u4e0b\u6253\u4ea4\u9053\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u81ea1500\u5e74\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u57ce\u5e02\u6570\u76ee\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u6570\u76ee\u7684\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u4ee5 \u53ca\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u9886\u571f\u5316\uff08territorialization\uff09\u8d8b\u52bf\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u65e5\u8d8b\u5f3a\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u56fd\u5bb6\u59cb\u7ec8\u9700\u8981\u4e0e\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u5b83\u4e00\u4e9b\u793e\u4f1a\u529b\u91cf\u8ba8\u4ef7\u8fd8\u4ef7\uff0c \u4ee5\u4fbf\u540e\u8005\u80fd\u591f\u5411\u56fd\u5bb6\u63d0\u4f9b\u7a0e\u6536\u3001\u4eba\u529b\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u5b83\u6218\u4e89\u5fc5\u9700\u54c1\u3002\u4f46\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5fc5\u987b\u63d0\u4f9b\u5404\u79cd\u5e74\u91d1\u3001\u4e3a\u7a77\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u516c\u5171\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u57ce\u5e02\u89c4\u5212\u7b49\uff08Tilly 1994, Schilling 1992\uff09\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u8d44\u672c\u5316\u5f3a\u5236\u201d\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u8fc7\u7a0b\u8981\u6c42\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u6743\u529b\uff08infrastrcture power\uff09\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4e13\u5236\u6743\u529b\uff08despotic power\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u6548\u7684\u5e73\u8861\uff08Mann 1994\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u91cc\u9762\u5173\u952e\u7684\u73af\u8282\u6b63\u662f\u6cbb\u7406\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u6cbb\u7406\u6280\u672f\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e13\u5236\u6743\u529b\u7684\u5f3a\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5b83\u610f\u5473\u7740\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u821e\u53f0\u4e0a\u5360\u636e\u4f18\u52bf \u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u901a\u8fc7\u6539\u5584\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u589e\u8fdb\u653f\u5e9c\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u6587\u660e\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f3a\u5316\u81ea\u8eab\u5728\u8d22\u653f\u4e0e\u519b\u4e8b\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u57fa\u7840\u6743\u529b\u6b63\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u57ce\u5e02\u4e4b\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u7684 \u8ba8\u4ef7\u8fd8\u4ef7\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8482\u5229\u5728\u5206\u6790\u897f\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u8272\u5f69\uff0c\u4ee5\u53cd\u62e8\u4ee5\u5f80\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b \u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff08\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u65b9\u9762\u7684\uff09\u8d22\u653f\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8fd8\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff08\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u7684\uff09\u5baa\u5236\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u56de\u5230\u4e86\u7b2c1\u8282\u63a2\u8ba8\u7684\u201c\u9a6c\u57fa \u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u9769\u547d\u201d\u6240\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u201c\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229\u201d\u9769\u547d\u771f\u7684\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6cbb\u7406\u7406\u6027\u5f7b\u5e95\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u5171\u548c\u89c2\u5ff5\u5417\uff1f\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u798f\u67ef\u672c\u4eba\u5c31\u5426\u8ba4\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u4e3b\u6743\u7684 \u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u8003\u5bdf\u6cbb\u7406\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6070\u6070\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u4e3b\u6743\u3001\u6cbb\u7406\u672f\u4e0e\u7eaa\u5f8b\u4e4b\u95f4\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5fae\u5999\u7684\u4e09\u89d2\u5173\u7cfb\uff08Foucault 1984\uff09\u3002\u9488\u5bf9\u4e3b\u6743\u7684\u5baa\u5236\u5b89\u6392\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u91c7\u7528\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u516c\u6cd5\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u501f\u52a9\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u666e\u901a\u6cd5\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u6291\u6216\u5728\u5404\u79cd\u5951\u7ea6\u5b89\u6392\u4e0a\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u5fb7\u56fd\u5f0f\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u201d\uff0c\u90fd\u8868\u660e\u57fa \u4e8e\u5171\u548c\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u5206\u914d\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u4e86\u6cbb\u7406\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u5408\u6d41\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u57ce\u5e02\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u6240 \u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f62\u6210\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u88ab\u52a8\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u6070\u6070\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u57ce\u5e02\u5728\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8ba8\u4ef7\u8fd8\u4ef7\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u80b2\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6cbb\u7406\u6280\u672f\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u7684 \u76f4\u63a5\u53d7\u5230\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e13\u5236\u6743\u529b\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6709\u7684\u5219\u6210\u4e3a\u7ea6\u5236\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e13\u5236\u6743\u529b\u6cdb\u6ee5\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u540c\u65f6\u5374\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u6743\u529b\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7279\u522b\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u201c\u6cbb \u5b89\u201d\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0a\u300216 \u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c\u57fa\u7840\u6743\u529b\u4e0e\u4e13\u5236\u6743\u529b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5236\u8861\uff0c\u6cbb\u7406\u672f\u4e0e\u4e3b\u6743\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5236\u8861\uff0c\u90fd\u4fc3\u8fdb\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7406\u6027\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u8fd8\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u57ce\u5e02 \u672c\u8eab\u4ee5\u65b0\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5efa\u6784\u4e86\u5176\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u5e02\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u53d1\u80b2\u3002<\/p>\n

\u65e9\u671f\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u5e26\u6709\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u7b49\u7ea7\u5236\u548c\u6cd5 \u56e2\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u8272\u5f69\u3002\u4f46\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u56fd\u5bb6\u9886\u571f\u5316\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u57ce\u5e02\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u65e5\u76ca\u590d\u6742\u5316\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u65b0\u5174\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u5728\u91cd\u5546\u4e3b\u4e49\u653f\u7b56\u4e0b\uff0c\u5728\u4fdd\u62a4\u5e02\u6c11\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u52aa\u529b\u5c06\u57ce\u5e02\u7eb3\u5165 \u6574\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u3002\u800c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u9762\u5bf9\u6743\u529b\u65e5\u8d8b\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5e02\u6c11\u4e5f\u8bd5\u56fe\u501f\u52a9\u6765\u81ea\u5c01\u5efa\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u6cd5\u56e2\u5951\u7ea6\u548c\u57ce\u5e02\u5baa\u6cd5 \uff08StadtKonstitutionen\uff09\uff0c\u529b\u56fe\u634d\u536b\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u5730\u4f4d\uff08Schilling 1992\uff09\u3002\u968f\u7740\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u9010\u6e10\u5c06\u7ecf\u6d4e\u95ee\u9898\u7eb3\u5165\u5230\u56fd\u5bb6\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5185\uff0c\u539f\u6765\u5c5e\u4e8e\u79c1\u4eba\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u4ea4\u6362\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u52b3\u52a8\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5f00\u59cb\u6210\u4e3a\u516c\u5171\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u65e5\u76ca\u5173\u6ce8\u5e76\u5e72 \u9884\u516c\u5171\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u56fd\u5bb6\u5784\u65ad\u4e86\u5bf9\u516c\u5171\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u63a7\u5236\uff08\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6709\u65f6\u56fd\u5bb6\u8bd5\u56fe\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff09\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\u6b63\u5982\u5fb7\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u8c22\u6797\u7684\u5206\u6790\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u9488\u5bf9\u57ce\u5e02\u516c\u5171\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5173 \u6ce8\u548c\u6cbb\u7406\uff0c\u4e5f\u4fc3\u4f7f\u57ce\u5e02\u516c\u6c11\u66f4\u52a0\u5173\u6ce8\u57ce\u5e02\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u548c\u76f8\u5bf9\u72ec\u7acb\uff08Schilling 1992\uff09\u3002\u4f34\u968f\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\uff0c\u5e02\u6c11\u9636\u5c42\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u54c8\u8d1d\u9a6c\u65af\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df\u201d\uff08Habermas 1989\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u501f\u52a9\u5bab\u5ef7\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6587\u660e\u5316\u6269\u6563\uff08Elias 1978\uff09\u53d1\u5c55\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u5e02\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\uff08\u6216\u7ec5\u58eb\u793e\u4f1a\uff09\uff0c\u501f\u52a9\u6587\u4eba\u4e16\u754c\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u516c\u5171\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u9010\u6e10\u6210\u4e3a\u6279\u8bc4\u516c\u5171\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u901a\u8fc7\u516c\u5f00\u6027\u7684\u5efa\u6784\u548c\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c \u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u4e0e\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u9488\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u7684\u516c\u5171\u8bba\u575b\uff08Habermas 1989\uff09\u3002\u5728\u79c1\u4eba\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u201c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df\u201d\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u6587\u5316\u4e0a\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u9762\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u7acb\u53cc\u65b9\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u201c\u6587\u660e\/\u5e02\u6c11\/\u516c \u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u5f97\u4ee5\u5728\u76f8\u4e92\u5236\u7ea6\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u53d1\u5c55\u300217<\/p>\n

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4\uff0e\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u653f\u6cbb<\/p>\n

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\u4ece\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u201c\u5377\u5e19\u6d69\u7e41\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u6cbb\u56fd\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u8457\u4f5c\u201d\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u6b63\u662f\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u79f0\u4e3a \u201c\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u201d\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u201c\u54f2\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u96c6\u4f53\u6027\u7684\u6cd5\u5b98\uff0c\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u5411\u5bfc\u548c\u826f\u5fc3\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0b\uff0c\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u8bdd\u8bed\u5728\u6279\u5224\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e3b \u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e5f\u52a9\u957f\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u6743\u529b\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff08Koselleck 1988, Bauman 1987\uff1a\u7279\u522b\u662f\u7b2c2\u7ae0\uff09\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u65b0\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u56f4\u7ed5\u541b\u4e3b\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u5c55\u5f00\u7684\u53ef\u89c1\u6027\u7684\u5728\u573a\u653f\u6cbb\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u201c\u7528\u4e00\u79cd\u593a\u53d6\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u7ade\u4e89\u4ee3\u66ff\u4e86\u4e89\u593a\u6743\u529b\u7684 \u5229\u76ca\u51b2\u7a81\u201d\uff08Furet 1981:50\uff09\u3002\u800c\u8bdd\u8bed\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u5b9e\u8df5\u6216\u67d0\u4e9b\u653f\u6cbb\u884c\u52a8\u8005\u662f\u5426\u5177\u6709\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u4ece\u54ea\u91cc\u6765\uff0c\u600e\u6837\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u3002\u56fd\u5bb6\u6743\u529b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u652f \u6491\u6765\u81ea\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u7684\u8a00\u8bf4\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u62bd\u8c61\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u795e\u5723\u653f\u6cbb\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u4e3b\u8981 \u6280\u672f\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u4eea\u5f0f\u201d\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u6d88\u4ea1\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5728\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u4eea\u5f0f\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u5173\u952e\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff1a\u5728\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u8bdd\u8bed\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u52a8\u5458\u4e4b\u95f4\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4e86\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u6cd5 \u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u5316\u53d1\u660e\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u5b83\u590d\u6742\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8c61\u5f81\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u7ed9\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u5927\u4f17\u52a8\u5458\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u6301\u4e45\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5728\u65b0\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u5973\u795e\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u56fd\u738b\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\uff0c\u81ea \u7531\u7684\u5fbd\u7ae0\u4ee3\u66ff\u5341\u5b57\u67b6\uff08Hunt 1984\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u7ffb\u7528\u53e4\u8001\u6280\u672f\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5404\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u4eea\u5f0f\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u8c61\u5f81\uff0c\u62bd\u8c61\u8bdd\u8bed\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u8eab\u4f53\u5f62\u8c61\u66fe\u7ecf\u5177\u6709\u7684\u201c\u81ea\u660e\u6027\u201d\u548c\u201c\u60f3\u5f53\u7136\u6027\u201d\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e0d\u88ab\u7f6e\u7591\u7684 \u201c\u81ea\u7136\u6001\u5ea6\u201d\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u8bdd\u8bed\u4e5f\u901a\u8fc7\u4eea\u5f0f\u548c\u8c61\u5f81\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u52a8\u5458\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11\u7684\u8ba4\u540c\uff0c\u5c06\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u96c6\u56e2\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u7ed3\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u6606 \u5fb7\u62c9\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u610f\u8c61\u5f62\u6001\u201d\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u610f\u8c61\u7ffb\u7248\u800c\u5df2\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u653f\u6cbb\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5404\u79cd\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u8bdd\u8bed\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u6d8c\u73b0\u4ecd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a \u975e\u5e38\u9c9c\u660e\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u201c\u6587\u4eba\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u6587\u5b66\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u6587\u5b66\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\u4e3a\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6d41\u901a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6709\u529b\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u201c\u8fde\u653f\u6cbb\u8bed\u8a00\u4e5f\u4ece\u4f5c\u5bb6\u6240\u8bb2\u7684\u4e00 \u822c\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u5438\u53d6\u67d0\u4e9b\u6210\u5206\uff1b\u653f\u6cbb\u8bed\u8a00\u4e2d\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u7684\u8bcd\u7ec4\uff0c\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u3001\u6d6e\u5938\u4e4b\u8bcd\u4ee5\u53ca\u6587\u5b66\u53e5\u5f0f\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6587\u98ce\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u70ed\u6f6e\u6240\u5229\u7528\uff0c\u6e17\u5165\u6240\u6709\u9636\u7ea7\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e0d\u8d39\u5439\u7070\u4e4b\u529b\uff0c \u4fbf\u6df1\u5165\u5230\u6700\u4e0b\u5c42\u9636\u7ea7\u201d\uff08\u6258\u514b\u7ef4\u5c141992\uff1a182\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u4fee\u8f9e\u5b66\u201d\u6210\u4e3a\u73b0\u4ee3\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4e43\u81f3\u6574\u4e2a\u653f\u6cbb\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u73af\u8282\uff0c\u4f7f\u201c\u9648\u8bcd\u6ee5\u8c03\u201d\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u6210\u4e3a\u4e0d \u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u8bdd\u8bed\u7684\u901a\u8d27\u81a8\u80c0\u201d\u6210\u4e3a\u65e5\u5e38\u4ea4\u6d41\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u52a8\u5458\u7684\u6709\u6548\u673a\u5236\uff08Zijderveld 1979\uff09\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u5362\u66fc\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4e0e\u4ee5\u5f80\u7684\u201c\u7edd\u5bf9\u4ef7\u503c\u201d\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\u5c31\u5728\u4e8e\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u80fd\u591f\u4f7f\u4eba\u4eec\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d8\u52a8\u4ef7\u503c\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002\u4f46\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001 \u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ef7\u503c\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u9891\u7e41\u53d8\u52a8\u548c\u591a\u5143\u7ed3\u6784\u7834\u574f\u4e86\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\uff08Luhmann 1982\uff1a90\uff0d121\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u7ef4\u6301\u62bd\u8c61\u8bdd\u8bed\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u201c\u9648\u8bcd\u6ee5\u8c03\u201d\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e2d\u95f4\u8ba8\u8bba<\/p>\n

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1\uff0e\u62bd\u8c61\u5e02\u573a\u4e0e\u201c\u4e2a\u4eba\u6743\u5229\u201d<\/p>\n

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\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u4f5c \u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7279\u70b9\u5c31\u662f\u4ea4\u6613\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u6027\u300230 \u53d1\u751f\u5728\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u573a\u666f\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u6b21\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u4e0d\u518d\u501f\u52a9\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u201c\u9762\u5b54\u7ba1\u7406\u201d\u548c\u5404\u79cd\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u6839\u690d\u6027\u7f51\u7edc31\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u501f\u52a9\u73b0\u4ee3\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u673a\u5236\u6765\u6d88\u9664\u4ea4\u6613\u6210 \u672c\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u4fe1\u4efb\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u673a\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5728\u5e03\u52b3\u4ee3\u5c14\u773c\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5e02\u573a\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u662f\u5e02\u573a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u201c\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u900f\u660e\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u6b7b\u654c\uff08\u5e03\u52b3\u4ee3\u5c141992\uff0c Wallerstein 1991:202-6\uff09\u300232 \u800c\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u5e02\u573a\u5e76\u975e\u4e00\u4e2a\u900f\u660e\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\uff0c\u800c\u6070\u6070\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u673a\u5236\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u62bd\u8c61\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u4fa7\u9762\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u7406\u89e3\u62bd\u8c61\u793e\u4f1a\u6216\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u5de5\u5177\u7406\u6027\u201d\u95ee\u9898 \u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u62bd\u8c61\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e2d\uff0c\u4fe1\u4efb\u95ee\u9898\u4e0e\u6b32\u671b\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u8054\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u65b9\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6b63\u5982\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u7ecf\u5e38\u5229\u7528\u6559\u4f1a\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u6574\u5408\u6a21\u5f0f\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6574\u5408\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u4e5f\u7ecf\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u573a\u6240\u4e2d\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u73b0\u4ee3\u62bd\u8c61\u5e02\u573a\u3002\u5728\u62bd\u8c61\u5e02\u573a\u5236 \u5ea6\u5f62\u6210\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u4ea4\u6613\u4e2d\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u673a\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u529e\u6cd5\u5728\u4e8e\u501f\u52a9\u4e00\u79cd\u5efa\u7acb\u719f\u6089\uff08familiarity\uff09\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u4eba\u9645\u4fe1\u4efb\u5173\u7cfb\uff08Luhmann 1979\uff09\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4ea4\u6613\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u6027\uff08\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u6027\u3001\u901a\u8fc7\u4ea4\u6613\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u8fc7\u7a0b\u548c\u6d88\u8d39\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u6027\uff09\u4e5f\u4e3a\u68c0\u9a8c\u4ea4\u6613\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u975e\u5e38\u65b9\u4fbf\u6613\u884c\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u800c\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u5e02\u573a \u5236\u5ea6\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u662f\u4ea4\u6613\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u751f\u4ea7\u548c\u4e13\u4e1a\u5206\u5de5\uff0c\u4f7f\u4ece\u751f\u4ea7\u8005\u5230\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u94fe\u65e5\u76ca\u5ef6\u957f\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u8c61\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u519c\u6751\u96c6\u5e02\u8d38\u6613\u90a3\u6837 \u4f7f\u751f\u4ea7\u8005\u548c\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u201c\u9762\u5bf9\u9762\u201d\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u4ea4\u6613\u3002\u5546\u4e1a\uff08\u6216\u8d38\u6613\uff09\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u610f\u6db5\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u5c06\u4f20\u7edf\u4e00\u6b21\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u5206\u5316\u6210\u7531\u65e0\u6570\u6b21\u201c\u5c0f\u4ea4\u6613\u201d\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u4ea4\u6613 \u94fe\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6f2b\u957f\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u4ea4\u6613\u94fe\uff0c\u5f88\u96be\u518d\u4ec5\u9760\u4eba\u9645\u4fe1\u4efb\u7f51\u7edc\u6765\u7ea6\u675f\u673a\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5546\u54c1\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u4e5f\u65e5\u76ca\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u5546\u54c1\u672c\u8eab\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u201c\u673a\u5668\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u201d\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5c31\u662f \u201c\u673a\u5668\u201d\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u68c0\u9a8c\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff08\u5982\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u8bd5\u7528\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u6311\u6218\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u5546\u54c1\u6d88\u8d39\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u6027\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u4f7f\u56f4\u7ed5\u4ea4\u6613\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u884c\u4e3a\u5177\u6709\u65b0\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u3002 33 \u6700\u540e\uff0c\u4ea4\u6613\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u8fd8\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f7f\u7528\uff08\u6216\u6d88\u8d39\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u3002\u5546\u54c1\u4ea4\u6613\uff0c\u6b63\u8c61\u5fb7\u91cc\u8fbe\u7b14\u4e0b\u7684\u80fd\u6307\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u4e0d\u65ad\u5ef6 \u8fdf\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u624d\u83b7\u5f97\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u610f\u4e49\u201d\u3002\u4e0a\u9762\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u4e3a\u4ea4\u6613\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4fe1\u4efb\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u600e\u6837\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u5462\uff1f\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u62bd\u8c61\u5173\u7cfb\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u524d\u9762\u4e00\u518d\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u7eaa\u5f8b\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u3002\u9762\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u65e9\u671f\u57ce\u5e02\u4e2d\u7684\u964c\u751f \u4eba\uff0c\u5021\u5bfc\u65b0\u65af\u591a\u5676\u6d3e\u7684\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u5728\u7406\u6027\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u201c\u4e0d\u518d\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fe1\u8d56\u3001\u53cd\u590d\u65e0\u5e38\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u7ebd\u5e26\u3001\u4e2a\u4eba\u5fe0\u8bda\u548c\u4e2a\u4eba\u60c5 \u611f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u62bd\u8c61\u548c\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\uff0c\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e49\u52a1\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7231\u201d\uff08Bouwsma 1990: 37\uff09\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u628a\u73b0\u4ee3\u4eba\u53d8\u6210\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u5355\u9762\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u5de5\u5177\u7406\u6027\u201d\u5728\u4eba\u8eab\u4e0a\u7684\u53cd\u6620\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5c06\u6211\u4eec\u5e26\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u51b0\u51b7\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff1f\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u964c\u751f \u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u600e\u6837\u6784\u6210\u7684\u5462\uff1f\u8fd9\u79cd\u62bd\u8c61\u5173\u7cfb\u4f1a\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u793e\u4f1a\u6574\u5408\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5462\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e00\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u5931\u8303\u751a\u81f3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u89e3\u7ec4\uff1f\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u590d\u6742\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5f88\u96be\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u56de \u7b54\uff0c\u5728\u672c\u6587\u7684\u7b2c\u56db\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u662f\u5c1d\u8bd5\u627e\u5230\u56de\u7b54\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u7ebf\u7d22\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u5f53\u5e74\u5bf9\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u62bd\u8c61\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u8fd9 \u79cd\u62bd\u8c61\u5e02\u573a\u6f5c\u85cf\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u6839\u6df1\u8482\u56fa\u7684\u5371\u673a\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5728\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u6027\u548c\u666e\u904d\u5316\uff08\u4ea4\u6362\u4ef7\u503c\uff09\u4e0e\u4eba\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u793e\u4f1a\u4e92\u52a8\uff08\u52b3\u52a8\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5185\u5728\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u79c1\u6709\u4ea7\u6743\uff08\u4e00\u79cd \u7279\u6b8a\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u89c2\u6743\u5229\uff09\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u6574\u4e2a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u5371\u673a\u3002\u800c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5371\u673a\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u73af\u8282\u5c31\u662f\u4eba\u7684\u65e0\u9650\u5360\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u4e0e\u6709\u9650\u7684\u6d88\u8d39\uff08\u9700\u8981\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u77db \u76fe\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5371\u673a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5b9e\u8d28\u662f\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4ece\u9700\u8981\u7406\u8bba\u51fa\u53d1\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u62bd\u8c61\u5e02\u573a\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u6279\u5224\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6279\u5224\u7684\u8981\u5bb3\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u62bd\u8c61\u673a\u5236\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4e0e\u4ee5\u5360\u6709\u5f62\u6001\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u89c2\u6743\u5229 \u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5374\u53c8\u4e8e\u5404\u79cd\u666e\u4e16\u5316\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u62bd\u8c61\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u5ff5\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u5728\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4e8c\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e0d\u53ef\u8c03\u548c\u7684\u5185\u5728\u77db\u76fe\uff08\u9a6c\u514b\u601d1975\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e0e\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u4ea4\u6613\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u62bd\u8c61\u5e02\u573a\u4e2d\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u66f4\u591a\u8bc9\u8bf8\u7684\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u201c\u81ea\u7136\u201d\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e0d\u65ad\u88ab\u751f\u4ea7\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u6b32\u671b\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6b32\u671b\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u4e4b\u5904\u5728\u4e8e\uff1a\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u4eba\u6d88 \u8d39\u7684\u4e0d\u518d\u53ea\u662f\u5404\u79cd\u5e03\u52b3\u4ee3\u5c14\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u53d8\u5316\u201c\u7684\u5fc5\u9700\u54c1\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u65f6\u5c1a\u3002\u81ea\u4ece\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u4ece\u82f1\u56fd\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u9010\u6e10\u8513\u5ef6\u5230\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u56fd\u7684\u201c\u6d88\u8d39\u9769\u547d\u201d\uff0c\u5c06\u73b0\u4ee3\u4eba\u5e26\u5165 \u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d88\u8d39\u793e\u4f1a\u3002\u53d7\u5230\u4ee5\u5e7f\u544a\u4e3a\u7a81\u51fa\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u6b32\u671b\u751f\u4ea7\u673a\u5236\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4e0d\u65ad\u4ea7\u751f\u6d88\u8d39\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u65b0\u7684\u52a8\u529b\uff0c\u65b0\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u4ece\u5fc5\u9700\u54c1\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u6240\u8c13\u8212\u9002\u54c1 \uff08decencies\uff09\uff0c\u4e43\u81f3\u5962\u4f88\u54c1\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u7ed3\u6784\uff08McKendrick et al 1982\uff09\uff1b\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u8212\u9002\u54c1\u548c\u5962\u4f88\u54c1\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6d88\u8d39\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u518d\u7b80\u5355\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5feb\u4e50\u7684\u6ee1\u8db3\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5229\u7528\u95f2\u6687\u65f6\u95f4\u5bf9\u6b32\u671b\u8fdb\u884c\u518d\u751f\u4ea7\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5c06\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6d88\u8d39 \u8005\u7684\u95f2\u6687\u65f6\u95f4\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u62bd\u8c61\u7a7a\u95f4\uff08Scitovsky 1992\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662fp.59ff\uff09\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u4e0a\u9762\u6240\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u751f\u4ea7\u8d44\u6599\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u751f\u6d3b\u8d44\u6599\u201d\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u533a\u522b\u5df2\u7ecf\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u7ad9\u4e0d\u4f4f\u811a\u3002\u65b0\u6d88 \u8d39\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e0e\u6587\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u6d88\u8d39\u7406\u8bba\u4ece\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4fa7\u9762\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u6d88\u8d39\u672c\u8eab\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u751f\u4ea7\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u5b83\u548c\u6240\u6709\u751f\u4ea7\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u7cbe\u529b\u7684\u6295\u5165\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9 \u7a81\u51fa\u5730\u8868\u73b0\u5728\u4e0e\u6574\u4e2a\u4f20\u64ad\u5de5\u4e1a\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u7535\u89c6\u548c\u7535\u5b50\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u6d88\u8d39\u5c31\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u201c\u8212\u9002\u201d\u7684\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u8fd8\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6295\u5165\u5927\u91cf\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4ee5\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u7eaa\u5f8b\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765 \u8fdb\u884c\u751f\u4ea7\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u201c\u6d88\u8d39\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u610f\u6db5\u4e0d\u518d\u4ec5\u6307\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u65e5\u76ca\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u6d88\u8d39\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u6307\u8fd9\u79cd\u6d88\u8d39\u6d3b\u52a8\u5177\u6709\u7684\u53cd\u8eab\uff08reflexive\uff09\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u5373 \u6d88\u8d39\u6d3b\u52a8\u672c\u8eab\u4f5c\u4e3a\u751f\u4ea7\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5f80\u5f80\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u6d88\u8d39\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u6b32\u671b\u751f\u4ea7\u673a\u5236\u7684\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u5374\u662f\u6574\u4e2a\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5386\u7a0b\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u4ece\u516c \u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u53d1\u5c55\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u6743\uff0c\u9010\u6e10\u4ece\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5229\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6743\u5229\u53d1\u5c55\u5230\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u798f\u5229\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4f7f\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u57f9\u690d\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e9e\u5927\u7684 \u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u9636\u5c42\u3002\u4ece\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u793e\u4f1a\u7b49\u7ea7\u8ddd\u79bb\u65e5\u76ca\u7f29\u5c0f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u793e\u4f1a\u5206\u5c42\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u53d8\u5316\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e3a\u901a\u8fc7\u6b32\u671b\u7684\u6a21\u4eff\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u65f6\u5c1a\u4f20\u64ad\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u6e20\u9053\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u4e3a\u666e\u901a\u793e\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u63d0 \u4f9b\u4e86\u8ffd\u9010\u65f6\u5c1a\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u771f\u6b63\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u6d88\u8d39\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u201d\uff08McKendrick et al 1982\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u91cd\u7ec4\uff0c\u5bf9\u6574\u4e2a\u5e02\u573a\u673a\u5236\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8ffd\u9010\u65f6\u5c1a\u7684\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e0d\u65ad\u901a\u8fc7\u6b32\u671b\u751f\u4ea7\u6765\u8fdb\u5165\u62bd\u8c61\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u964c\u751f \u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6b63\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u52a8\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n

2\uff0e\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u6df1\u5ea6\u81ea\u6211\uff1a\u56de\u5230\u6d82\u5c14\u5e72<\/p>\n

\u6b32\u671b\u95ee\u9898\u4e0e\u4fe1\u4efb\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0a\uff0c\u6c47\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u4e86\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6b32\u671b\u751f\u4ea7\u8005\u7684\u6d88\u8d39\u4e2a\u4f53\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u8fd9\u79cd\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e2a\u4f53\uff0c\u5728\u5b8c\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b32\u671b\u751f\u4ea7\u8005\u7684\u5efa\u6784\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u5e38\u4e3a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u6240\u5ffd\u89c6\u7684\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u81ea\u6211\u7684\u7eaa\u5f8b\u6784\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b32\u671b\u751f\u4ea7\u8005\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4efb\u610f\u80e1\u4e3a\u7684\u66b4\u541b\u3002\u6070\u6070\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6210\u529f\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u6784\u5efa\u4e3a\u201c\u5229\u76ca\u201d\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u201c\u5229\u76ca\u201d\u6765\u7ba1\u5236\u6cdb\u6ee5\u7684\u6fc0\u60c5\u7684\u4eba\u300235 \u56e0\u4e3a\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u6210\u529f\u5730\u5b9e\u73b0\u5bf9\u81ea\u6211\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u5229\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\uff0c\u4ece\u4ed6\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u9884\u671f\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u6027\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u3002\u800c\u5f53\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u81ea\u6211\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\uff0c\u4ece \u201c\u81ea\u7231\u201d\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u53d1\u5c55\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u7231\u94b1\u201d\uff08money-love\uff09\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u6027\u7279\u5f81\u5c31\u66f4\u52a0\u9c9c\u660e\u4e86\uff08Hirschman 1977\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u8d27\u5e01\u6b63\u662f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u9886\u57df\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u5a92\u4ecb\uff0c\u5728\u5e26\u7ed9\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5f62\u5851\u4e86\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u98ce\u683c\uff08Simmel 1978\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u57c3\u5229\u4e9a\u65af\u66fe\u5c06\u5bf9\u6fc0\u60c5\u7684\u7eaa\u5f8b\u5316\u7ba1\u5236\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u6587\u660e\u5316\u201d\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff08Elias 1978\uff09\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u201c\u5b5f\u5fb7\u65af\u9e20\u547d\u9898\u201d\u65f6\u5df2\u7ecf\u63d0\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u5f53\u8fd9\u79cd\u6587\u660e\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4ece\u5bab\u5ef7\u793e\u4f1a\u5411\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\uff08\u5e02\u6c11\uff09\u4f20\u64ad\u65f6\uff0c\u6700\u6709\u529b\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u6070\u6070\u662f\u8d38\u6613\u7684\u53d1 \u5c55\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u5e02\u573a\u4e2d\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u4ea4\u6613\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4ea4\u6613\u884c\u4e3a\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u6240\u8c13\u5f3a\u8c03\u201c\u793c\u8c8c\u201d\u7684\u201c\u8d38\u6613\u4eba\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\uff08Commercial Humanism\uff0cPocock\u8bed\uff09\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5e76\u8fdb\u800c\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u201c\u6587\u660e\/\u5e02\u6c11\/\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f46\u662f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e9b\u5f7c\u6b64\u793c\u8c8c\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\u7ec5\u58eb\uff0c\u5374\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u9677\u5165\u5230\u4e00\u573a\u201c\u4e00\u5207\u4eba\u53cd\u5bf9\u4e00\u5207\u4eba\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u201d\u3002\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ee7\u4e9a\u5f53\u2022\u65af\u5bc6\u4e4b\u540e36\uff0c\u6d82\u5c14\u5e72\u5bf9\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u8bd5\u56fe\u63ed\u793a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4f53\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5b9e\u73b0\u793e\u4f1a\u6574\u5408\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6d82\u5c14\u5e72\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u74e6\u89e3\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u6446\u8131\u4e86\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u80fd\u591f\u5b9e\u73b0\u793e\u4f1a\u6574\u5408\u3002\u5176\u524d\u63d0\u662f\u5c06\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u63d0\u5347\u5230\u4e00\u79cd\u5362\u68ad\u6216\u8d1d\u62c9\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u201c\u516c \u6c11\u5b97\u6559\u201d\uff08civil religion\uff09\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u5728\u6d82\u5c14\u5e72\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u201c\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u4f26\u7406\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u536b\u751f\u4fdd\u5065\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\uff0c\u6216\u4e00\u79cd\u751f\u5b58\u7684\u5ba1\u614e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5b97\u6559\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u540c\u65f6 \u662f\u5d07\u62dc\u7269\u548c\u795e\u201d\uff08Durkheim 1973\uff1a46\uff09\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b97\u6559\u201d\u53c8\u662f\u600e\u6837\u5b9e\u73b0\u793e\u4f1a\u6574\u5408\u7684\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n

\u5982\u679c\u56de\u5230 \u6211\u4eec\u4e0a\u4e00\u8282\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fc7\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u5e02\u573a\u4e2d\u7684\u4fe1\u4efb\u95ee\u9898\u4e0e\u6b32\u671b\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u6d82\u5c14\u5e72\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bba\u8ff0\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u6d82\u5c14\u5e72\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u5c0a\u4e25\u7684\u91cd\u8981 \u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u54c1\u683c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u76f8\u533a\u522b\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5b83\u4e0e\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u5171\u4eab\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5373\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u5206\u4eab\u4e86\u4eba\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u62bd\u8c61\u5e02\u573a\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5316\u6280\u672f\uff08\u540c\u8d28\u5316\u4e0e\u666e \u904d\u5316\uff09\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b97\u6559\u201d\u4e2d\u7684\u666e\u4e16\u5316\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\uff08universalized subject\uff09\u7684\u6784\u5efa\uff0c\u65af\u591a\u5676\u6d3e\u5229\u7528\u7eaa\u5f8b\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u6700\u7ec8\u6b63\u662f\u4fc3\u6210\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u666e\u4e16\u5316\u4e3b\u4f53\u201d\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n

\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u4f53\u53c8\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u6784\u5efa\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u5462\uff1f\u6d82\u5c14\u5e72\u654f\u9510\u5730\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u89c2\u5ff5\u8bba\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e2d\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u667a\u8bc6\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08intellectualism\uff09\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u5f15\u5411\u9053\u5fb7\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u9014\u5f84\u3002\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/p>\n

\u4ece\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u4eba\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u590d\u6742\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u624d\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u81ea\u6211\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\uff0c\u5c06\u81ea\u6211\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u89c2\u5ff5\u8bba\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u6b63\u5982\uff0c\u6d82\u5c14\u5e72\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u4e0d\u4ec5 \u4ec5\u662f\u5229\u76ca\u4e3b\u4f53\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5177\u6709\u590d\u6742\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6\u81ea\u6211\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u798f\u67ef\u5bf9\u5fcf\u6094\u6280\u672f\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u63ed\u793a\u7684\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u4f53\u6784\u6210\u81ea\u6211\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5c31\u662f\u5c06\u81ea\u6211\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u52a0\u4ee5 \u7ec6\u81f4\u7684\u8003\u5bdf\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u53cd\u590d\u7684\u8a00\u8bf4\uff0c\u5c06\u81ea\u6211\u8f6c\u53d8\u6210\u4e3a\u8bdd\u8bed\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u6210\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff08\u798f\u67ef1979\uff09\u3002\u5c3c\u91c7\u7b14\u4e0b\u6240\u8c13\u5fb7\u56fd\u4eba\uff08\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u4eba\uff09\u4e0e\u201c\u62bd\u8c61\u201d\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00 \u8d77\u7684\u201c\u5185\u503e\u6027\u201d\uff08inwardness, Nietzsche 1995:112ff\uff09\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u6211\u68c0\u67e5\uff08self-examination\uff09\u8fc7\u7a0b\u751f\u4ea7\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6\u81ea\u6211\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u4e3b\u4f53\u6027\u5efa\u6784\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u73af\u8282\uff0c\u662f\u5404\u79cd\u201c\u4eba \u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u798f\u67ef\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u4e0e\u4eba\u4eec\u8bd5\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u6709\u5173\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5b9e\u73b0\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4f53\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\uff0c\u6709\u7740\u5bc6\u5207\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff1b \u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u6df1\u5ea6\u81ea\u6211\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5360\u6709\u6027\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08Mcpherson 1962\uff09\u53ca\u4e3b\u89c2\u6743\u5229\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\uff08Skinner 1994\uff09\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7406\u5ff5\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u4e0e\u4e2a\u4eba\u6784\u6210\u6df1\u5ea6\u81ea\u6211\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u76f8\u4e92\u4ea4\u7ec7\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u7a81\u51fa\u5730\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u6cbb\u7406\u4e0e\u81ea\u6211\u6cbb\u7406\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u8d75\u6653\u529b\uff081998\uff09\u5728\u4e00\u7bc7\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d \u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u8fd1\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5ba2\u89c2\u6743\u5229\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7f16\u7e82\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u201d\u7684\u5f62\u5851\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u662f\u5c06\u5ba2\u89c2\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6743\u5229\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u4e3b\u89c2\u6743\u5229\u201d\u7684 \u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\uff0c\u5c31\u8981\u6c42\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u80fd\u591f\u201c\u4e3a\u6743\u5229\u800c\u6597\u4e89\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u4e49\u52a1\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6b63\u662f\u7eaa\u5f8b\uff0c\u793c\u8c8c\uff0c \u4e89\u53d6\u4e3b\u89c2\u6743\u5229\u8fd9\u4e9b\u673a\u5236\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5728\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u76f8\u4e92\u5236\u7ea6\u76f8\u4e92\u6e17\u900f\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u4ee5\u6df1\u5ea6\u81ea\u6211\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u65e2\u662f\u201c\u5229\u76ca\u4e3b\u4f53\u201d\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba \u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u6b32\u671b\u751f\u4ea7\u4e0e\u6587\u660e\u5316\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u201c\u516c\u6c11\u5b97\u6559\u201d\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u4e3b\u89c2\u6743\u5229\u4e0e\u6df1\u5ea6\u81ea\u6211\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u7eaa\u5f8b\u7b49\u6280\u672f\u5c06\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u7d27\u5bc6\u5730\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u4ee5\u5f80\u793e \u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u53ea\u662f\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u70b9\u4f5c\u4e3a\u73b0\u4ee3\u5fc3\u6001\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u4e88\u4ee5\u8003\u5bdf\uff0c\u5374\u5f88\u5c11\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u770b\u4f3c\u4e2a\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u4ece\u62bd\u8c61\u5e02\u573a\u5230\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\uff08\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0d\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\uff09 \u8fd9\u4e9b\u6240\u8c13\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6280\u672f\u5728\u8fd0\u4f5c\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u201c\u4ef7\u503c\u7406\u6027\u201d\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002<\/p>\n

3\uff0e\u62bd\u8c61\u8ba4\u540c\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8303\u7574\u673a\u5668<\/p>\n

\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u4ee5\u6df1\u5ea6\u81ea\u6211\u548c\u6b32\u671b\u751f\u4ea7\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u62bd\u8c61\u5e02\u573a\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u5316\u524d\u63d0\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u65b9\u9762\u5c31\u662f\u5404\u79cd\u666e\u904d\u5316\u7684\u8303\u7574\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u7e41\u884d\u589e\u751f\u3002 \u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u6d82\u5c14\u5e72\u6240\u8c13\u89c2\u5ff5\u8bba\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e2d\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e2a\u4eba\u5206\u4eab\u7684\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u542b\u7cca\u7684\u4eba\u6027\uff08\u666e\u4e16\u5316\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\uff09\uff0c\u8fd8\u6d89\u53ca\u5404\u79cd\u4e00\u822c\u5316\u7684\u8303\u7574\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e0e\u62bd\u8c61\u8ba4\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u201c\u5de5\u5177\u7406\u6027\u6269\u5f20\u201d\u7406\u8bba\u6700\u6096\u8c2c\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u8bba\u65e2\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u4eba\u53d7\u5230\u5404\u79cd\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4ef7\u503c\u7406\u6027\u7684\u5b9e\u8d28\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6280\u672f\u7684\u652f\u914d\uff0c\u800c\u540c\u65f6\u5374\u53c8\u8ba4\u4e3a\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u5145\u65a5\u4e86\u5404 \u79cd\u62bd\u8c61\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e2a\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u8bdd\u8bed\u3001\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u6216\u7b26\u53f7\u6784\u6210\u7684\u8868\u5f81\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5021\u5bfc\u8005\u5f88\u5c11\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6280\u672f\u548c\u62bd\u8c61\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728 \u7740\u975e\u4e00\u5143\u6027\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n

\u201c\u4e66\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u201d\uff08Febvre and Martin 1976\uff09\u5bf9\u4e8e\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u5b83\u4f7f\u4e00\u79cd\u4ee5\u4e66\u5199\u8bed\u8a00\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u6587\u5316\u9010\u6e10\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u53e3\u5934\u6587\u5316\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u56fe\u5c14\u654f\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e66\u5199\u6587\u5316\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u6027\u5316 \u7684\u91cd\u8981\u73af\u8282\uff08Toulmin 1990\uff09\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u62bd\u8c61\u8bdd\u8bed\u53d6\u4ee3\u5b9e\u8df5\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5148\u51b3\u6761\u4ef6\uff08\u53c2\u89c1Hadot 1995\uff09\u3002\u4e66\u672c\u5e26\u52a8\u4e86\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u5316\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u968f\u7740\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u5370\u5237\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u6c11\u65cf\u8bed\u6587\u7684\u63a8\u5e7f\u3002\u501f\u52a9\u6c11\u65cf\u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4e16\u4fd7\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u9010\u6e10\u6784\u5efa\u4e86\u62bd\u8c61\u7684 \u201c\u6c11\u65cf\u201d\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4e3a\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u8bdd\u8bed\u57fa\u7840\uff08Anderson 1991\uff09\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u8fd8\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u5404\u79cd\u201c\u60f3\u8c61\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u201d\u6216\u8005\u66f4\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u62bd\u8c61\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u201d\uff08James 1996\uff09\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7279\u70b9\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u7c7b\u201c\u62bd\u8c61\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u201d\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u9636\u7ea7\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u3001\u6587\u5316\u3001\u6027\u522b\u8bf8\u591a\u8ba4\u540c\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u6539\u53d8\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u683c\u5c40\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u529b\u91cf\u3002 \u6b63\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u62bd\u8c61\u8ba4\u540c\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u624d\u53d1\u5c55\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u5177\u6709\u5178\u578b\u73b0\u4ee3\u8272\u5f69\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8fd0\u52a8\u3001\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u4e43\u81f3\u793e\u4f1a\u9769\u547d\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u9636\u7ea7\u6597\u4e89\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u89e3\u653e\u8fd0\u52a8\u3001\u5987\u5973\u89e3\u653e\u8fd0\u52a8\u4ee5\u53ca\u5404\u79cd\u5728 60\u5e74\u4ee3\u5174\u8d77\u7684\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u8ba4\u540c\u6027\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\uff08\u6216\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u8eab\u4efd\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1Calhoun 1994\uff09\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u4ece\u666e\u904d\u5316\u7684\uff08\u4eba\u6027\uff09\u4e3b\u4f53\u5411\u591a\u5143\u5316\u7684\uff08\u8ba4\u540c\uff09\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u524d\u8005\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e3a\u540e\u8005\u6240\u53d6\u4ee3\u3002\u6070\u6070\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u8ba4\u540c\u4e3b\u4f53\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ecf\u5178\u73b0 \u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u4eba\u6027\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u7136\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ba4\u540c\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u589e\u751f\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u5404\u79cd\u8303\u7574\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cd\u6620\u7f62\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u524d\u9762\u5df2 \u7ecf\u63d0\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u6574\u5408\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u65b9\u5f0f\u662f\u4e00\u5957\u590d\u6742\u4f46\u8fc5\u6377\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u56fe\u5f0f\uff0c\u9488\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u6216\u4e8b\u7269\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u201c\u8303\u7574\u5316\u673a\u5668\u201d\u80fd\u591f\u8fc5\u901f\u63d0\u4f9b\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4fe1\u606f \uff08Schutz1973, Sacks1992\uff09\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8303\u7574\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002\u4f46\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u5145\u6ee1\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8303\u7574\u77e5\u8bc6\u6784\u6210\u7684\u201c\u8303\u7574\u96c6\u5408\u201d \uff08category set\uff09\uff0c\u624d\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u57fa\u4e8e\u201c\u719f\u6089\u201d\u7684\u201c\u9762\u5b54\u7ba1\u7406\u201d\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u6574\u5408\u7684\u5173\u952e\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u6709\u5173\u81ea\u8eab\u548c\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u201c\u8303\u7574 \u77e5\u8bc6\u201d\uff08Sacks 1992\uff09\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u501f\u52a9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8303\u7574\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u4e92\u4e0d\u719f\u6089\u7684\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u624d\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6574\u5408\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u8fdb\u884c\u8bf8\u5982\u5e02\u573a\u4ea4\u6613\u8fd9\u6837\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6280\u672f\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u201c\u8303\u7574\u77e5\u8bc6\u201d\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5404\u79cd\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u4eba\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u5404\u95e8\u4eba\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6709\u5173\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u8303\u7574\u201d\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u3001 \u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u4ee5\u53ca\u5404\u79cd\u89d2\u8272\u66f4\u4e3a\u542b\u7cca\u7684\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u6027\u5b66\u201d\u3001\u201c\u72af\u7f6a\u5b66\u201d\u3001\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b66\u8bf4\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5987\u5973\u5b66\u201d\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u62bd\u8c61\u793e\u4f1a\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u8303\u7574\u5316\u673a\u5668\u7684\u96f6 \u4ef6\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u9c8d\u66fc\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u6743\u529b\uff0d\u77e5\u8bc6\u590d\u5408\u4f53\u201d\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53ef\u7f3a\u5c11\u7684\u73af\u8282\uff08Bauman 1987\uff09\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\uff08\u5176\u4e2d\u5c24\u4ee5\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u6700\u4e3a\u66a7\u6627\u4e0d\u6e05\uff09\u53d1\u5c55\u6210\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u64cd\u4f5c\u6027\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b66 \uff08Wolfe 1989\uff09\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u6d82\u5c14\u5e72\u5f53\u5e74\u6240\u671f\u671b\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5b9e\u73b0\u793e\u4f1a\u6574\u5408\u3002\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4e0d\u662f\u501f\u52a9\u5bf9\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5404\u79cd\u8303\u7574\u5316\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u8fc7\u7a0b\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a \u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6784\u6210\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8303\u7574\u5316\u673a\u5668\uff0c\u751f\u4ea7\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u65e2\u5177\u6709\u6240\u8c13\u666e\u904d\u7684\u4eba\u6027\uff08\u5177\u4f53\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5404\u79cd\u4e0e\u201c\u666e\u4e16\u7684\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u201d\u6709\u5173\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u6743\u5229\uff09\uff0c \u53c8\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u590d\u6742\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u8ba4\u540c\uff08\u4e0e\u6027\u522b\u3001\u9636\u7ea7\u3001\u79cd\u65cf\u7b49\u8303\u7574\u76f8\u5173\u8054\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\uff09\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u4f53\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8303\u7574\u5316\u673a\u5668\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u62bd\u8c61\u5e02\u573a\u4e2d\u7684\u975e\u4eba\u683c\u5316\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u7684\u91cd \u8981\u524d\u63d0\u3002\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u65e9\u5df2\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u666e\u904d\u6027\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u4e0e\u5404\u79cd\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u4ea4\u5f80\u6240\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11\u7684\u5a92\u4ecb\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6700\u540e\u7684\u51e0\u70b9\u8ba8\u8bba<\/p>\n

1\uff0e\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u77ed\u7684\u603b\u7ed3<\/p>\n

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\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u53d1\u5c55\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bb6 \u8fd9\u79cd\u7f3a\u4e4f\u81ea\u53d1\u80fd\u52a8\u6027\u7684\u7406\u6027\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4e0e\u901a\u5e38\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6280\u672f\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u6e17\u900f\uff08\u7279\u522b\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5982\u8de8\u56fd\u516c\u53f8\uff0c\u5168\u7403\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u7b49\uff09\u8fdc\u6bd4\u4f26\u7406 \u5b9e\u8df5\u548c\u62bd\u8c61\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u201c\u6e17\u900f\u201d\u8981\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u548c\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\uff0c\u4e5f\u66f4\u6709\u201c\u6210\u6548\u201d\u3002\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u501f\u52a9\u65e5\u76ca\u5168\u7403\u5316\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u4f20\u64ad\u5a92\u4ecb\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7535\u5f71\u3001\u7535\u89c6\u3001\u65b0\u95fb\u7b49\u624b\u6bb5\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u5168\u4e16\u754c \u66f4\u8fc5\u901f\u5730\u4f20\u64ad\uff0c\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u201c\u62bd\u8c61\u4ef7\u503c\u201d\u548c\u4f26\u7406\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u8fdc\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\u7684\u672c\u571f\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u6587\u5316\u5efa\u6784\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f80\u5f80\u53d7\u5230\u8ba4\u540c\u653f\u6cbb\uff08\u6216\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u627f\u8ba4\u7684\u6587 \u5316\u201d\uff09\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u53cc\u91cd\u6324\u538b\uff0c\u906d\u53d7\u552f\u5236\u5ea6\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6587\u5316\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u6216\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u540e\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\uff09\u7684\u5171\u540c\u6392\u65a5\uff0c\u96be\u4ee5\u5728\u201c\u88ab\u7cfb\u7edf\u626d\u66f2\u7684\u201d\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6280\u672f\u548c\u76f2\u76ee\u8ffd\u8d76\u7684\u201c\u89c2\u5ff5\u65f6\u5c1a\u201d\u4e4b \u95f4\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u5e2d\u4e4b\u5730\u3002\u800c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u9762\u4e34\u6700\u8270\u5de8\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/p>\n

\u9a6c\u5c14\u5e93\u585e 1988\u300a\u5355\u5411\u5ea6\u7684\u4eba\u300b\uff0c\u5f20\u5cf0\u3001\u5415\u4e16\u5e73\u8bd1\uff0c\u91cd\u5e86\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/p>\n

\u9a6c\u514b\u601d 1975\u300a\u8d44\u672c\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c1\u5377\uff0c\u4e2d\u592e\u7f16\u8bd1\u5c40\u8bd1\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/p>\n

\u8d1d\u5c14 1989 \u300a\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u6587\u5316\u77db\u76fe\u300b\uff0c\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e97<\/p>\n

\u5e03\u52b3\u4ee3\u5c14 1992\u300a\u5341\u4e94\u81f3\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u6587\u660e\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\uff0c\u987e\u826f\u7b49\u8bd1\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5377\uff0c\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e97<\/p>\n

\u97e6\u4f2f 1987 \u300a\u65b0\u6559\u4f26\u7406\u4e0e\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7cbe\u795e\u300b\uff0c\u4e8e\u6653\u3001\u9648\u7ef4\u521a\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e97<\/p>\n

\u5362\u5361\u5947 1992 \u300a\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u9636\u7ea7\u610f\u8bc6\u300b\uff0c\u675c\u7ae0\u667a\u7b49\u8bd1\uff0c\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986<\/p>\n

\u5362\u514b\u66fc 1995 \u300a\u65e0\u5f62\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u300b\uff0c\u8983\u65b9\u660e\u8bd1\uff0c\u9999\u6e2f<\/p>\n

\u5409\u767b\u65af 1998 \u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6784\u6210\u300b\uff0c\u674e\u5eb7\u3001\u674e\u731b\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e97<\/p>\n

\u6258\u514b\u7ef4\u5c14 1992 \u300a\u65e7\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0e\u5927\u9769\u547d\u300b\uff0c\u51af\u68e0\u8bd1\uff0c\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986<\/p>\n

\u674e\u731b 1997 \u201c\u5e38\u4eba\u65b9\u6cd5\u5b66\u56db\u5341\u5e74\uff1a1954\uff0d1994\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u56fd\u5916\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u300b\u7b2c2\uff0d5\u671f<\/p>\n

\u5b5f\u5fb7\u65af\u9e20 1987 \u300a\u8bba\u6cd5\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u300b\uff0c\u5f20\u96c1\u6df1\u8bd1\uff0c\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u9986<\/p>\n

\u6606\u5fb7\u62c9 1992 \u300a\u5c0f\u8bf4\u7684\u827a\u672f\u300b\uff0c\u5b5f\u6e44\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e97<\/p>\n

\u6d1b\u514b\u4f0d\u5fb7 1997\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u6574\u5408\u4e0e\u7cfb\u7edf\u6574\u5408\u201d\uff0c\u674e\u5eb7\u8bd1\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u8bba\u575b\u300b\u603b\u7b2c3\u671f<\/p>\n

\u8d75\u6653\u529b 1998 \u201c\u6c11\u6cd5\u4f20\u7edf\u7ecf\u5178\u6587\u672c\u4e2d \u2018\u4eba\u2019\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u201d\uff0c \u300a\u5317\u5927\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c1\u5377\u7b2c1\u8f91<\/p>\n

\u683c\u5170\u8bfa\u7ef4\u7279 1997 \u201c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u884c\u52a8\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u201d\uff0c\u6c88\u539f\u8bd1\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u8bba\u575b\u300b\u603b\u7b2c2\u671f<\/p>\n

\u6d82\u5c14\u5e72 1992 \u300a\u5b97\u6559\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5f62\u5f0f\u300b\uff0c\u82ae\u4f20\u660e\u3001\u8d75\u5b66\u5143\u8bd1\uff0c\u53f0\u6e7e\u6842\u51a0<\/p>\n

1999 \u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u5206\u5de5\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u6e20\u4e1c\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e97<\/p>\n

\u535a\u5170\u5c3c 1989 \u300a\u5de8\u53d8\uff1a\u5f53\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u300b\uff0c\u9ec4\u6811\u6c11\u7b49\u8bd1\uff0c\u53f0\u6e7e\u5141\u6668<\/p>\n

\u845b\u5170\u897f 1992 \u300a\u845b\u5170\u897f\u6587\u9009\u300b\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/p>\n

\u798f\u67ef 1997 \u201c\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u542f\u8499\u201d\uff0c\u674e\u5eb7\u8bd1\uff0c\u300a\u56fd\u5916\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u300b\u7b2c6\u671f<\/p>\n

1998 \u201c\u6cbb\u7406\u672f\u201d\uff0c \u8d75\u6653\u529b\u8bd1\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u8bba\u575b\u300b\u603b\u7b2c4\u671f<\/p>\n

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\u9644\u5f55<\/p>\n

\u64b0\u5199\u672c\u6587\u7684\u6700\u521d\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u4e00\u9879\u53e3\u8ff0\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u6c88\u539f\u5148\u751f\u9f13\u52b1\u6211\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u5199\u6210\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4ed6\u7684\u201c\u7763\u4fc3\u201d\uff0c\u5927\u6982\u8fd9\u7bc7\u7c97\u7cd9\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u6839\u672c\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b8c\u6210\u3002\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u521d\u7a3f\u66fe \u7ecf\u8bf7\u4e00\u4e9b\u670b\u53cb\u770b\u8fc7\uff0c\u8d75\u6653\u529b\u3001\u5f3a\u4e16\u529f\u3001\u674e\u5eb7\u3001\u90d1\u6208\u3001\u5434\u4f2f\u51e1\u3001\u6e20\u656c\u4e1c\u3001\u8212\u709c\u3001\u6797\u56fd\u57fa\u3001\u6797\u56fd\u8363\u90fd\u7ed9\u672c\u6587\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u4f7f\u6211\u80fd\u591f\u6539\u6b63\u4e00\u4e9b\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u5e76\u907f \u514d\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u8bef\u89e3\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4ecd\u7531\u4f5c\u8005\u672c\u4eba\u627f\u62c5\u3002<\/p>\n

1 \u6211\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u6765\u8868\u8fbe\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u76f4\u63a5\u6765\u81ea\u8377\u5170\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6Zijderfeld\uff081971\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u4e0e\u4ed6\u504f\u91cd\u6587\u5316\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5e76\u5e26\u6709\u6d53\u539a\u6279\u5224\u7406\u8bba\u8272\u5f69\u7684 \u7528\u6cd5\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6211\u66f4\u591a\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u5f3a\u8c03\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u6027\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7406\u6027\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6784\u6210\u7684\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6211\u5728\u4e0b\u9762\u7684\u5206\u6790\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u4ee5\u5f80\u8fc7\u591a\u5730\u548c\u201c\u5de5\u5177 \u7406\u6027\u6269\u5f20\u201d\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff08\u8fd9\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u4e5f\u662fZijderfeld\u7684\u601d\u8def\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5f97\u5230\u5145\u5206\u548c\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u9610\u8ff0\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5f80\u5f80\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5e26\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u8272\u5f69\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u4fdd\u5b88 \u4e3b\u4e49\u6216\u6d6a\u6f2b\u4e3b\u4e49\u53d6\u5411\u7684\u8d2c\u4e49\u7528\u8bed\uff0c\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u6210\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u5206\u6790\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u5c31\u662f\u5e0c\u671b\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u6240\u6539\u8fdb\u3002<\/p>\n

2 Benveniste\uff081973\uff1a274\uff09\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u62c9\u4e01\u8bed\u7684civis\u4e00\u8bcd\u6697\u542b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5c45\u4f4f\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5229\u7684\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u610f\u6db5\u5e76\u975e\u4f20\u7edf\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7684\u201c\u516c\u6c11\u201d\uff08citizen\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u201c\u516c\u6c11\u540c\u4f34\u201d\uff08fellow-citizen\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

3 \u5728\u817e\u5c3c\u65af\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u53d7\u6709\u673a\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u610f\u5fd7\uff08Wesenwille\uff09\u652f\u914d\u7684\u201c\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u201d\uff08Gemeinshaft\uff09\u5173\u7cfb\u624d\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u800c\u53d7\u53cd\u601d\u7684\u7406\u6027\u610f\u5fd7 \uff08K\u01darwille\uff09\u652f\u914d\u7684\u4eba\u4e3a\u7684\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\uff08Geshellschaft\uff09\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8868\u8c61\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u574f\u7684\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u574f\u7684\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u5374\u662f\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u3002\u817e \u5c3c\u65af\u6709\u5173\u201c\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u7684\u4e8c\u5143\u5bf9\u7acb\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u975e\u5e38\u6df1\u8fdc\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u6279\u5224\u201c\u62bd\u8c61\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u601d\u8def\uff08T\u01d2nnies 1940\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

4 \u5728\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u57fa\u672c\u4f9d\u636e\u6d1b\u514b\u4f0d\u5fb7\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u6765\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u6574\u5408\u201d\u548c\u201c\u7cfb\u7edf\u6574\u5408\u201d\u8fd9\u5bf9\u6982\u5ff5\uff08\u6d1b\u514b\u4f0d\u5fb71997\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

5 \u5728\u6d82\u5c14\u5e72\u6240\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u6709\u673a\u56e2\u7ed3\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u51e0\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u3002\u5728\u6d82\u5c14\u5e72\u535a\u58eb\u8bba\u6587\u7b54\u8fa9\u65f6\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u6307\u8d23\u4ed6\u7528\u529f\u80fd\u4ee3\u66ff\u4e86\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u56de\u7b54\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u5728\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u8981\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u6210\u4e3a \u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\uff08to be more of a man\uff09\u5c31\u662f\u6ce8\u5b9a\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5668\u5b98\u201d\uff08Lukes 1972\uff09\u3002\u6e20\u656c\u4e1c\u5728\u672c\u671f\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u201c\u6d82\u5c14\u5e72\u7684\u9057\u4ea7\u201d\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\u4e2d\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u590d\u6742\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u770b\u3002<\/p>\n

6 \u6709\u5173\u6d82\u5c14\u5e72\u53ca\u56e2\u7ed3\u5b66\u6d3e\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u56e2\u7ed3\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u53ca\u5176\u653f\u6cbb\u610f\u6db5\uff0cDonzelot\uff081993\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u7cbe\u8f9f\u7684\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/p>\n

7 \u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u5f53\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u5c06\u6574\u5408\u770b\u4f5c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u5316\u7684\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u65e0\u7591\u80cc\u79bb\u4e86\u6d82\u5c14\u5e72\u575a\u6301\u5c06\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0e\u9053\u5fb7\u4e00\u540c\u8003\u8651\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4ece\u5206\u6790\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u5012\u9000\u3002\u6d82\u5c14\u5e72\u5c16\u9510\u5730\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86\u5c06\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0e \u9053\u5fb7\u5206\u79bb\u5f00\u6765\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5eb7\u5fb7\u5f0f\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u548c\u54c8\u8d1d\u9a6c\u65af\u90fd\u6709\u5eb7\u5fb7\u505a\u6cd5\u7684\u75d5\u8ff9\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1Durkheim 1993\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u7bc7\u201c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

8 \u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u65bd\u7c73\u7279\uff08Carl Schmitt\uff09\u51e0\u4e4e\u5728\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6fc0\u8fdb\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u5c16\u9510\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u9635\u8425\u4e2d\u540c\u65f6\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u8bf8\u5982\u5fb7\u56fd\u7684\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u5b66\u6d3e\uff0c\u82f1\u8bed\u5b66\u754c\u7684Telos\u6742\u5fd7\u548c \u6cd5\u3001\u610f\u7684\u6fc0\u8fdb\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f62\u5f62\u8272\u8272\u7684\u6fc0\u8fdb\u4e3b\u4e49\u90fd\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff08\u53c2\u89c1McCormick 1997\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u65bd\u7c73\u7279\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u201c\u62bd\u8c61\u793e\u4f1a\u201c\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u548c\u590d\u6742\u6027\u3002\u611f\u8c22\u5218\u5c0f\u67ab\u5148\u751f\u63d0\u9192\u6211\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u65bd\u7c73\u7279\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n

9 \u4ee4\u4eba\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bba\u8ff0\u672c\u8eab\u4e0e\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u548c\u6069\u683c\u65af\u5f53\u5e74\u5728\u300a\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u4e2d\u9610\u8ff0\u7684\u6709\u5173\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u6781\u4e3a\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u300a\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6545\u4e8b\u7684\u4e3b\u89d2\u662f\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49 \u6240\u89e3\u653e\u7684\u201c\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\u201d\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1Berman 1988\u7684\u7cbe\u8f9f\u5206\u6790\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u97e6\u4f2f\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4e0e\u5362\u5361\u5947\u6216\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u5b66\u6d3e\u5851\u9020\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f62\u8c61\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\uff0c\u97e6\u4f2f\u672c\u4eba\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u8981\u590d\u6742\u5f97\u591a\uff0c\u800c\u672c\u6587\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u6709\u610f \u56de\u907f\u4e86\u97e6\u4f2f\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u5341\u5206\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\uff0c\u662f\u5e0c\u671b\u5c06\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u63a2\u8ba8\u7559\u7ed9\u540c\u65f6\u64b0\u5199\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u7bc7\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u201c\u7406\u6027\u5316\u53ca\u5176\u5f20\u529b\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u5c06\u8054\u7cfb\u6cd5\u5f8b\u95ee\u9898\uff08\u672c\u6587\u6709\u610f\u5ffd\u89c6\u7684 \u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff09\u96c6\u4e2d\u5206\u6790\u97e6\u4f2f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n

10 \u54c8\u8d1d\u9a6c\u65af\u5c06\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\u4e2d\u7684\u79d1\u5c42\u4f53\u7cfb\u3001\u515a\u6d3e\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u9009\u4e3e\u5236\u5ea6\u7b49\u89c6\u4e3a\u662f\u201c\u7cfb\u7edf\u201d\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u800c\u5c06\u201c\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df\u201d\u5212\u51fa\uff0c\u653e\u5728\u201c\u751f\u6d3b\u4e16\u754c\u201d\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5185\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u505a\u6cd5\uff08\u7279\u522b\u662f \u4ed6\u5bf9\u5c5e\u4e8e\u201c\u7cfb\u7edf\u201d\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff09\u4ecd\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53d7\u5230\u5362\u66fc\uff08Luhmann 1994\uff09\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1McCarthy 1985\u5bf9\u6b64\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n

11 \u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u6d1b\u514b\u4f0d\u5fb7\u5f15\u5165\u793e\u4f1a\u6574\u5408\u548c\u7cfb\u7edf\u6574\u5408\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0e\u4ef7\u503c\u7406\u6027\/\u5de5\u5177\u7406\u6027\u7684\u533a\u522b\u76f8\u5bf9\u5e94\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u5728\u82f1\u56fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u6982\u5ff5\u4e5f\u5f88\u5c11\u8fd9\u6837\u4f7f\u7528\u3002 \u53ea\u662f\u5728\u54c8\u8d1d\u9a6c\u65af\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u751f\u6d3b\u4e16\u754c\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u6574\u5408\u5bf9\u7cfb\u7edf\u6574\u5408\uff0c\u5de5\u5177\u7406\u6027\u5bf9\u4ef7\u503c\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e09\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u6765\u6e90\u7684\u4e8c\u5143\u8303\u7574\u624d\u6709\u201c\u5408\u6d41\u201d\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u505a\u6cd5\u5b58\u5728\u4e25 \u91cd\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n

12 \u6b63\u5982\u4e0b\u6587\u5728\u63a2\u8ba8\u201c\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u5e02\u573a\u6d88\u8d39\u201d\u4e24\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\u5c06\u8981\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u4e0e\u8fd9\u79cd\u5d07\u5c1a\u5962\u534e\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u76f8\u5173\u8054\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u56f4\u7ed5\u4eea\u5f0f\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u201c\u795e\u5723\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\u548c\u4e00\u79cd\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7b49\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n

13 \u8fd9\u91cc\u5bf9\u5b5f\u5fb7\u65af\u9e20\u5b66\u8bf4\u4ee5\u53ca\u82cf\u683c\u5170\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u8be0\u91ca\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u6765\u81ea\u8d6b\u5e0c\u66fc\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1Hirschman 1977\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u7b2c2\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4ee5\u53caHirschman 1986,pp235-55\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u53d7\u5230Muller 1993\u5bf9\u4e9a\u5f53\u2022\u65af\u5bc6\u7684\u65b0\u8be0\u91ca\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n

14 \u6211\u5bf9\u5e02\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u53d7\u5230Tester 1992\u7cbe\u5f69\u5206\u6790\u7684\u542f\u53d1\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5f53\u4ee3\u82f1\u6cd5\u7b49\u56fd\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4e0e\u5f53\u5e74\u5fb7\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u57c3\u5229\u4e9a\u65af\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u76f8\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n

15 \u4ece\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u57c3\u5229\u4e9a\u65af\uff08Elias 1978, 1982\uff09\u8bba\u8ff0\u7684\u201c\u6587\u660e\u5316\u201d\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u6208\u592b\u66fc\u540e\u6765\u5206\u6790\u7684\uff08\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\uff09\u201c\u4e92\u52a8\u4eea\u5f0f\u201d\uff08Goffman 1983\uff09\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002Pollner\uff081987\uff09\u5728\u501f\u7528\u57c3\u5229\u4e9a\u65af\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6765\u5206\u6790\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5e38\u4eba\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u8fd0\u7528\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u591a\u5c11\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n

16 \u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u5fb7\u56fd\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c\u201c\u6cbb\u5b89\u201d\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u662f\u6cbb\u7406\u6280\u672f\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u73af\u8282\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u201c\u6cbb\u5b89\u201d\u7684\u6db5\u4e49\u51e0\u4e4e\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u6240\u6709\u9886\u57df\u7684\u201c\u7ba1\u5236\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u4eca\u5929\u901a\u5e38\u4e0e \u8b66\u5bdf\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5965\u4f0a\u65af\u7279\u83b1\u8d6b\u548c\u798f\u67ef\u90fd\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u975e\u5e38\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u53c2\u89c1Oestreich 1982\uff0c\u7b2c9\u7ae0\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u798f\u67ef\u57281976\u4ee5\u540e\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u8bb2\u6f14\u548c\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u7406\u6027\u201d\uff0c\u6536\u5165Foucault 1988\u3002<\/p>\n

17 Koselleck 1988\u654f\u9510\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u5bf9\u7acb\u53cc\u65b9\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u201c\u540c\u6784\u201d\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u54c8\u8d1d\u9a6c\u65af\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u56ff\u4e8e\u4ed6\u7684\u6279\u5224\u7406\u8bba\u7acb\u573a\u800c\u672a\u80fd\u66f4\u5145\u5206\u5730\u63ed\u793a\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u79c1\u4eba\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df\u201d\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5fae\u5999\u5173\u8054\uff0c \u4f46\u603b\u7684\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u5e02\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u53cc\u65b9\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u6709\u66f4\u5145\u5206\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u54c8\u8d1d\u9a6c\u65af\u540e\u6765\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4fdd\u6301\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u590d\u6742\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1Goodman 1992\u5bf9Koselleck\u548cHabermas\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002<\/p>\n

18 \u5965\u4f0a\u65af\u7279\u83b1\u8d6b\u7279\u522b\u5f3a\u8c03\u201c\u6cbb\u5b89\u201d\u8fd9\u79cd\u6cbb\u7406\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u80b2\uff0c\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u201c\u5ba1\u614e\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\u4e4b\u95f4\u5177\u6709\u5bc6\u5207\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1Oestreich 1982\uff0c\u7b2c9\u7ae0\uff1b\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u7c7b\u4f3c\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1Elias 1982\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6536\u5165Chartier ed. 1989\u4e2d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p>\n

19 \u7528\u798f\u67ef\u7684\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u6cbb\u7406\u56fd\u5bb6\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u7126\u70b9\u4ece\u62ef\u6551\u8f6c\u5411\u4e86\u5065\u5eb7\uff08Foucault 1988\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

20 \u5f53\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u7406\u89e3\u6574\u5408\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u201c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u969c\u788d\u201d\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5f80\u5f80\u628a\u201c\u5b97\u6559\u201d\u770b\u4f5c\u793e\u4f1a\u6574\u5408\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5f53\u5b97\u6559\u4e0d\u518d\u4f53\u5236\u5316\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u6559\u4f1a\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u6784 \u6210\u3001\u89c4\u8303\u79e9\u5e8f\u4ee5\u53ca\u7b26\u53f7\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0e\u7b49\u7ea7\u5236\u4e2d\u5360\u636e\u516c\u5171\u6027\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u8f6c\u800c\u5f00\u59cb\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u65e0\u5f62\u5b97\u6559\u201d\uff08\u5362\u514b\u66fc1995\uff09\u65f6\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u4ecd\u7136\u4ece\u6559\u4f1a\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u793e \u4f1a\u6574\u5408\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5047\u8bbe\u51fa\u53d1\u6765\u601d\u8003\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6574\u5408\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u505a\u6cd5\u7ed3\u679c\u5c06\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6574\u5408\u95ee\u9898\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u89c4\u8303\u79e9\u5e8f\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u7684\u7edf\u5408\uff08cohesion\uff0c\u5409\u767b\u65af1998 \u6279\u8bc4\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\uff09\uff0c\u65e2\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u6574\u5408\u4e0e\u7cfb\u7edf\u6574\u5408\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6574\u5408\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u522b\uff0c\u5c06\u4e8c\u8005\u6df7\u4e3a\u4e00\u8c08\uff1b\u4e5f\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u6574\u5408\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u5171\u4eab\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u79e9\u5e8f\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u5efa\u7acb \u6574\u5408\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u4f26\u7406\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u8ba4\u77e5\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u5e38\u4eba\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u6574\u5408\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u81f3\u5c11\u4e0e\u89c4 \u8303\u79e9\u5e8f\u540c\u6837\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n

21 \u5c3d\u7ba1\u5217\u5965\u2022\u65af\u7279\u52b3\u65af\uff08Strauss 1989\uff09\u6709\u5173\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u5c31\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u8bba\u65ad\u672a\u514d\u7a0d\u5acc\u5938\u5927\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u65e0\u7591\u4ee5\u5bcc\u6709\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u7406\u6027\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5bc6\u5207\u5173\u8054\u3002<\/p>\n

22 \u501f\u6b64\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u62bd\u8c61\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u539f\u59cb\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u6216\u53e4\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u91ce\u6027\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u6216\u8d28\u6734\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u6770\u51fa\u7684 \u6587\u5316\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\uff08\u5982N.Elias, J. Huizinga\uff09\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u5bb9\u6613\u5bfc\u81f4\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8bef\u89e3\uff0c\u4e3a\u201c\u5de5\u5177\u7406\u6027\u201d\u8bba\u8005\uff0c\u6000\u65e7\u7684\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u6216\u6fc0\u8fdb\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5f62\u5f62\u8272\u8272\u7684\u6d6a\u6f2b\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u201c\u5f39\u836f\u201d\u3002\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u793e \u4f1a\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u62bd\u8c61\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e5f\u540c\u6837\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u5177\u4f53\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\uff08\u4e5f\u8bb8\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8c61\u5f81\u793e\u4f1a\uff09\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4eea\u5f0f\u4e2d\uff0c\u56fd\u738b\u540c\u65f6\u5177\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u8eab\u4f53\uff0c\u201c\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u8eab \u4f53\u201d\u7684\u4eea\u5f0f\u610f\u6db5\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u201c\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u201d\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u610f\u6db5\uff08Kantorowitz 1957\uff09\u3002\u4e5f\u8bb8\u53ea\u6709\u5145\u5206\u8003\u8651\u5176\u5b83\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u975e\u5177\u4f53\u6027\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u624d\u80fd\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u73b0\u4ee3\u62bd\u8c61\u793e\u4f1a\u6240\u5177\u6709\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u201c\u975e\u5177\u4f53\u6027\u201d\u5f62\u6001\u3002<\/p>\n

23 \u67ef\u65bd\u83b1\u514b\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005\u7684\u201c\u4e4c\u6258\u90a6\u201d\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u5371\u673a\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6839\u6e90\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u8d5e\u540c\u67ef\u65bd\u83b1\u514b\u5e26\u6709\u65bd\u7c73\u7279\u8272\u5f69\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u8bca\u65ad\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5bf9\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u610f \u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5386\u53f2\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u63a2\u8ba8\u4ecd\u662f\u6709\u5173\u62bd\u8c61\u793e\u4f1a\u8bba\u8ff0\u4e0d\u53ef\u5ffd\u89c6\u7684\u4e00\u73af\uff08Koselleck 1988, 1985\uff09\u3002\u9057\u61be\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u8fd9\u7bc7\u7eb2\u8981\u5f0f\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u5f88\u96be\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u63a2\u8ba8\u62bd\u8c61\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\uff08\u548c\u4e16\u4fd7\u5386\u53f2\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5bc6\u5207\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u4ee5\u540e\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u5f25\u8865\u3002<\/p>\n

24 \u52d2\u9ad8\u592b\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u201c\u6f2b\u957f\u7684\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u201d\uff08extended middle age\uff09\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4ece\u516c\u5143\u4e09\u4e16\u7eaa\u76f4\u5230\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\u7684\u7f13\u6162\u6f14\u8fdb\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u4ece\u6982\u5ff5\u53f2\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5230\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u518d\u5f3a\u8c03\u768417\u4e16\u7eaa\u65f6\uff0c\u624d\u51fa\u73b0\u5c06\u201c\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u73b0\u4ee3\u201d\u5212 \u5206\u5f00\u6765\u7684\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u53d7\u5230\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u628a\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u201c\u9ed1\u6697\u65f6\u4ee3\u201d\uff08Le Goff 1988\uff0c\u5e76\u53c2\u89c1Williams 1983\uff1a207\uff0d9\uff09\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u8131\u79bb\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u6839\u672c\u65e0\u6cd5\u7406\u89e3\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u3002\u4e5f\u8bb8\u66f4\u6070\u5f53\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u662f\u5c06\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u201c\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u671f\u201d\u653e\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u4e2d\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u4ece\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u6f2b\u957f\u7684 \u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u201d\uff08extended modernity\uff09\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u624d\u80fd\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u81ea\u8eab\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u53d1\u5c55\u8fdb\u7a0b\u548c\u5176\u4e2d\u4ea4\u9519\u7684\u5f20\u529b\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u6b63\u662f\u672c\u6587\u52aa\u529b\u5c1d\u8bd5\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6211 \u4eec\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u662f\u4ece\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u653f\u6cbb\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\u73b0\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u4e0d\u8981\u56e0\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u8bef\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n

25 \u6208\u592b\u66fc\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u7cbe\u5f69\u5206\u6790\u4ee5\u53cd\u8bbd\u7684\u7b14\u8c03\u5c55\u73b0\u4e86\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u5145\u65a5\u201c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6280\u672f\u201d\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u7075\u6d3b\u8fd0\u7528\u5404\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u5efa\u7acb\u5145\u6ee1\u5f39\u6027\u548c\u590d\u6742\u6027\u7684\u201c\u4e92\u52a8\u79e9\u5e8f\u201d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982Goffman1967\u30011974\u3002<\/p>\n

26 \u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5e38\u4eba\u65b9\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5177\u6709\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u4e0e\u4e3b\u6d41\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5e38\u4eba\u65b9\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u5206\u6790\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u62bd\u8c61\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u201c\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u201d\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u662f\u5982\u4f55 \u8fd0\u7528\u5404\u79cd\u5e38\u4eba\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u5b8c\u6210\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u884c\u52a8\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u201c\u6210\u5c31\u201d\u3002\u6709\u5173\u5bf9\u5e38\u4eba\u65b9\u6cd5\u5b66\u8fd9\u4e00\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1\u674e\u731b1997\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u5fb7\u2022\u585e\u5c14\u675c\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5206\u6790\u540c\u6837\u5f3a\u8c03 \u4e86\u9762\u5bf9\u89c4\u8303\u548c\u7eaa\u5f8b\u73b0\u4ee3\u4eba\u521b\u9020\u6027\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1De Certeau 1984\u3002<\/p>\n

27 \u798f\u67ef\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u4e0e\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u7406\u6027\u5316\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u5bc6\u5207\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff08Foucault 1984\uff09\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7ecf\u5e38\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u90a3\u7c7b\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u73b0\u8c61\uff08\u5982\u5bb6\u5ead\u95ee\u9898\u3001\u72af\u7f6a\u95ee\u9898\uff09\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u4f34\u968f\u653f\u5e9c\u6cbb\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\uff08Donzelot 1979\uff0c\u5e76\u7279\u522b\u53c2\u89c1\u5fb7\u52d2\u5179\u4e3a\u8be5\u4e66\u64b0\u5199\u7684\u5e8f\u8a00\uff0c\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u201d\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

28 Berman\u66fe\u7ecf\u7528\u7b80\u660e\u7cbe\u8f9f\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6700\u5177\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u6279\u8bc4\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u4e49\uff081988\uff09\u3002\u6606\u5fb7\u62c9\u6709\u5173\u201c\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u534a\u201d\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\uff0c\u4ece\u540c\u6837\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86 \u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u59cb\u7ec8\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7279\u5f81\uff08\u6606\u5fb7\u62c91992\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u6211\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4e0d\u8bc9\u8bf8\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u4e49\u53ca\u5176\u8c31\u7cfb\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u3002\u7406\u6027\u5316\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5145\u6ee1\u5f20\u529b\uff0c \u5e76\u501f\u52a9\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f20\u529b\u63a8\u52a8\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n

29 \u8fd9\u79cd\u6709\u5173\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u5e02\u573a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u5e02\u573a\u65e0\u8bba\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5236\u5ea6\u8fd8\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5fc3\u6001\uff0c\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u7406 \u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4e00\u79cd\u548c\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u3001\u97e6\u4f2f\u5f53\u5e74\u9488\u5bf9\u751f\u4ea7\u8fc7\u7a0b\u9610\u91ca\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u76f8\u63d0\u5e76\u8bba\u7684\u6709\u5173\u201c\u4ea4\u6613\u201d\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4e9a\u5f53\u2022\u65af\u5bc6\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u9700\u8981\u91cd\u65b0 \u52a0\u4ee5\u9610\u91ca\u548c\u5229\u7528\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u8d44\u6e90\u3002\u5728\u7ecf\u5178\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4f20\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u97e6\u4f2f\u5bf9\u201c\u65b0\u6559\u6559\u6d3e\u201d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u9f50\u7f8e\u5c14\u7684\u300a\u8d27\u5e01\u54f2\u5b66\u300b\uff0c\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u6709\u5173\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u672c\u6587\u5e76\u4e0d \u60f3\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5728\u6709\u9650\u7684\u7bc7\u5e45\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u79cd\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u662f\u501f\u52a9\u5bf9\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u63a2\u8ba8\u6765\u601d\u8003\u4e0e\u201c\u62bd\u8c61\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u6709\u5173\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n

30 \u627f\u8ba4\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u8ba4\u53ef\u4e86\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u6709\u5173\u5e02\u573a\u4ea4\u6613\u4e0e\u4f9b\u7ed9\/\u9700\u6c42\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5047\u5b9a\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u65e2\u4e0e\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6253\u7b97\u91c7\u7528\u5236 \u5ea6\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\uff08\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u65e7\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u6240\u8c13\u65b0\u5236\u5ea6\u4e3b\u4e49\uff09\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u3002\u6784\u6210\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u8303\u5f0f\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u9884\u8bbe\uff0c\u8bf8\u5982\u5b64\u7acb\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u201c\u5149\u901f\u53cd\u5e94\u901f\u5ea6\u201d\uff0c\u5b8c\u5907\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u65e2\u4e0d \u80fd\u89c6\u4e3a\u201c\u60f3\u5f53\u7136\u7684\u201d\u3001\u4e0d\u5bb9\u7f6e\u7591\u7684\u516c\u7406\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u4e0a\u7684\u201c\u89c2\u5ff5\u7c7b\u578b\u201d\uff1b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u65a5\u4e3a\u4e0d\u987e\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u865a\u6784\u3002\u800c\u5e94\u8be5\u4ece\u62bd\u8c61\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u63a2\u8ba8\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bed\u4e49 \u5b66\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff08\u89c2\u5ff5\u53f2\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u53f2\uff09\u610f\u6db5\u3002<\/p>\n

31 \u6b63\u5982\u65b0\u7ecf\u6d4e\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7f51\u7edc\u4ecd\u7136\u53d1\u6325\u4f5c\u7528\uff08\u683c\u5170\u8bfa\u7ef4\u72791997\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u53ef\u5ffd\u89c6\u7684\u4e00\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u662f\u5728\u62bd\u8c61\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e0b\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u8d8a\u662f\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u5e02\u573a\u4ea4\u6613\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f53\u73b0\u5f97\u8d8a\u660e\u663e\u3002<\/p>\n

32 \u5e03\u52b3\u4ee3\u5c14\u5bf9\u201c\u900f\u660e\u5e02\u573a\u201d\u7684\u8ff7\u604b\u4e0e\u5362\u68ad\u5bf9\u201c\u900f\u660e\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u7684\u8ff7\u604b\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4ece\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u62bd\u8c61\u793e\u4f1a\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u201c\u4e0d\u900f\u660e\u6027\u201d\u7684\u6392\u65a5\uff0c\u548c\u817e\u5c3c\u65af\u7684\u201c\u5171\u540c\u4f53\/\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u7684 \u4e8c\u5206\u6cd5\u4e00\u6837\u8574\u542b\u7740\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u59cb\u7ec8\u96be\u4ee5\u6446\u8131\u7684\u6000\u65e7\u5fc3\u6001\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u501f\u7528\u8212\u8328\u7684\u8bdd\uff08Schutz 1973\uff09\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u4ece\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u900f\u660e\u7684\uff08\u53c8\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u793e\u4f1a\u80fd\u662f\u900f\u660e\u7684\u5462\uff1f\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

33 \u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u590d\u6742\u6027\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4e00\u70b9\u5c31\u662f\u975e\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u4ea4\u6362\u65e5\u8d8b\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u4e14\u65e5\u8d8b\u62bd\u8c61\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u7279\u522b\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u8d44\u672c\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u3002\u800c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u56f4\u7ed5\u62bd\u8c61\u5a92\u4ecb\uff0c\u4e43\u81f3\u62bd\u8c61\u4fe1 \u606f\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u9700\u8981\u53d1\u660e\u4e00\u5957\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\u4ea4\u6613\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u89e3\u51b3\u4fe1\u4efb\u673a\u5236\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5728\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u59d1\u4e14\u5ffd\u7565\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n

34 \u97e6\u4f2f\u7279\u522b\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5177\u4f53\u5c5e\u4e8e\u54ea\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u6559\u6559\u6d3e\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e8e\u4ed6\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e25\u683c\u68c0\u67e5\u7684\u6559\u6d3e\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u5b9e\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u97e6\u4f2f\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d1\u73b0\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u6574\u5408\u201d\u4e0e\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u6559\u4f1a\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u6574\u5408\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002<\/p>\n

35 \u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5728\u751f\u4ea7\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u5229\u76ca\u201d\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u52a8\u7528\u4e86\u4ece\u5e0c\u814a\u65f6\u4ee3\u9010\u6e10\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u6280\u672f\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u73af\u8282\u5c31\u662f\u6df1\u5ea6\u81ea\u6211\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u81ea\u6211\u88ab \u89c6\u4e3a\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6218\u573a\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6218\u573a\u4e0a\uff0c\u5229\u76ca\u6700\u7ec8\u6253\u8d25\u4e86\u6fc0\u60c5\uff0c\u7406\u6027\u548c\u793c\u8c8c\u751f\u4ea7\u4e86\u66f4\u5177\u5e38\u89c4\u5316\u7684\u6b32\u671b\u673a\u5236\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5176\u539f\u578b\u5c31\u6765\u81ea\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u7b14\u4e0b\u7684\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\uff08\u300a\u6590\u5fb7 \u82e5\u7bc7\u300b\u4e2d\u6709\u5173\u7075\u9b42\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u8457\u540d\u8b6c\u55bb\uff09\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u6df1\u5ea6\u81ea\u6211\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53d7\u5230\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u81ea\u6211\u6280\u672f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5404\u79cd\u5fcf\u6094\u6280\u672f\uff08\u798f\u67ef\u5373 \u51faa\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u6d6a\u6f2b\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u6df1\u5ea6\u81ea\u6211\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u4fa7\u9762\u7f62\u4e86\uff0c\u5229\u76ca\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e0e\u201c\u611f\u4f24\u4e3b\u4f53\u201d\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u4eba\u540c\u65f6\u4f69\u6234\u7684\u4e24\u526f\u9762\u5b54\u3002<\/p>\n

36 \u5c3d\u7ba1\u6d82\u5c14\u5e72\u5bf9\u4e9a\u5f53\u2022\u65af\u5bc6\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5206\u5de5\u7406\u8bba\u4e0d\u65e0\u975e\u8bae\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed4\u7ec6\u8003\u5bdf\u6211\u4eec\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u4e8c\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4f3c\u4e4b\u5904\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5e76\u4e0d\u6bd4\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5206\u6b67\u5c11\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u51e0\u4e4e\u540c\u6837\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u6709\u5173 \u7684\u6574\u5408\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u90fd\u8bd5\u56fe\u5c06\u65b0\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u6574\u5408\u4e0e\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\u7531\u4e8e\u4e8c\u4eba\u5728\u98ce\u683c\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e0a\u7684\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u6700\u7ec8\u8d70\u5411\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u9053\u8def\u3002\u4f46\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u4e8c \u8005\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u5171\u540c\u70b9\u662f\u4e0d\u5bb9\u5ffd\u89c6\u7684\u3002\u6d82\u5c14\u5e72\u4e00\u5ea6\u66fe\u7ecf\u5f97\u51fa\u4e86\u4e0e\u4e9a\u5f53\u2022\u65af\u5bc6\u63a5\u8fd1\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002\u5373\u901a\u8fc7\u67d0\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u79cd\u975e\u552f\u6211\u8bba\u7684\uff0c\u975e\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6574\u5408\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c \u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6574\u5408\u65b9\u5f0f\u65e2\u6446\u8131\u4e86\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u6000\u65e7\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u4e5f\u514b\u670d\u4e86\u67d0\u79cd\u6fc0\u8fdb\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8bc9\u8bf8\u4e00\u79cd\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\uff08\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5fc3\u7406\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u7684\uff09\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b \u4e49\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\u65e0\u8bba\u4e9a\u5f53\u2022\u65af\u5bc6\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u6d82\u5c14\u5e72\uff0c\u89e3\u51b3\u793e\u4f1a\u6574\u5408\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u5316\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u5851\u9020\u5408\u683c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u201d \u7684\u91cd\u8981\u610f\u4e49\u5f00\u59cb\u51f8\u663e\u51fa\u6765\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u5728\u6d82\u5c14\u5e72\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u8981\u6bd4\u5728\u4e9a\u5f53\u2022\u65af\u5bc6\u90a3\u91cc\u66f4\u660e\u786e\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6d82\u5c14\u5e72\u901a\u8fc7\u5b97\u6559\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5f15\u5165\uff0c\u89e6\u53ca\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u6d82\u5c14\u5e72\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5341\u5206 \u590d\u6742\uff0c\u4ed6\u6bd4\u4e9a\u5f53\u2022\u65af\u5bc6\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u5e26\u6709\u6d53\u539a\u7684\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u7684\u8272\u5f69\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u4ed6\u8ba8\u8bba\u793e\u4f1a\u6574\u5408\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e25\u91cd\u7f3a\u9677\u3002<\/p>\n

37 \u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5728\u7406\u89e3\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u7269\u8d28\u6761\u4ef6\u201d\u6216\u5236\u5ea6\u56e0\u7d20\u4e0e\u89c2\u5ff5\u56e0\u7d20\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u65f6\uff0c\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u4e00\u518d\u9677\u5165\u67d0\u79cd\u4e00\u5143\u5316\u7684\u8fd8\u539f\u7acb\u573a\uff08\u65e0\u8bba\u662f \u7269\u8d28\u8bba\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8fd8\u539f\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u89c2\u5ff5\u8bba\u7684\u8fd8\u539f\uff09\uff0c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u5c31\u5728\u4e8e\u4e0d\u80fd\u628a\u63e1\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6280\u672f\u4e0e\u62bd\u8c61\u4ef7\u503c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u6c89\u6e4e\u4e8e\u4e00\u79cd\u5177\u6709\u4e25\u91cd\u7f3a\u9677\u7684\u9648\u65e7 \u6a21\u5f0f\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n

38 \u8fd9\u91cc\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u533a\u5206\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u201c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u201d\uff0c\u4e9a\u5f53\u2022\u65af\u5bc6\u5f0f\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e0e\u5362\u68ad\u5f0f\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u524d\u4e00\u79cd\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6b63\u662f\u8981\u514b\u670d\u540e\u8005\u5728\u201c\u7167\u770b\u201d\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u7a0b\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u800c\u8981\u5f62\u5851 \u6216\u4fdd\u969c\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u81ea\u7136\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u7684\u673a\u5236\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u672c\u6587\u4e00\u518d\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\uff0c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7406\u6027\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u9700\u8981\u67d0\u79cd\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6d88\u6781\u81ea\u7531\u5e76\u975e\u81ea\u52a8\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u800c\u540c\u6837 \u9700\u8981\u4f26\u7406\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e0e\u516c\u5171\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e00\u6837\uff08Skinner 1984\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u5728\u201c\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005\u201d\u548c\u201c\u89e3\u91ca\u8005\u201d\u4e4b\u95f4\u8fdb\u884c\u4e8c\u96be\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u7406\u8bba\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u7531\u5b9e\u8df5\uff0c\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u4e0d\u53ef\u7f3a\u5c11\u7684\u652f\u6491\u3002<\/p>\n

39 \u9887\u4e3a\u6096\u8c2c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6574\u4e2a\u7406\u6027\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u5f02\u8d28\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bd5\u56fe\u540c\u8d28\u5316\u7684\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u9010\u6e10\u88ab\u7eb3\u5165\u5f02\u8d28\u6027\u7684\u7406\u6027\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u6574\u4e2a\u80fd\u52a8\u7406\u6027\u5316\u5f20\u529b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6765\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n

40 \u8fd9\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u201c\u8bef\u533a\u201d\u4e00\u822c\u6765\u81ea\u67d0\u79cd\u5bf9\u897f\u65b9\u7406\u6027\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u201c\u4e00\u5143\u5316\u201d\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u503e\u5411\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u7406\u6027\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u503e\u5411\u672c\u571f\u7684\u6587\u5316\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u539f\u6559 \u65e8\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff08\u5728\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u4fe1\u5949\u6587\u5316\u591a\u5143\u5316\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u201c\u540e\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u90fd\u5206\u4eab\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u7c7b\u4f3c\u201c\u5de5\u5177\u7406\u6027\u6269\u5f20\u201d\u7684\u4e00\u5143\u5316\u7684\u7406\u6027\u5316 \u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n

41 \u8fd9\u4e0e\u897f\u6b27\u7684\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f62\u6210\u8fc7\u7a0b\u201d\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5dee\u522b\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1Tilly 1994\u5bf9State Formation\u4e0eState Building\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u674e\u731b\uff1a\u8bba\u62bd\u8c61\u793e\u4f1a \u201cAnd what is the whole world? An infinity with no face! An abstraction\u201dMilan Kundera\uff0cSlowness \u81ea\u4ece18\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u6d6a\u6f2b\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u4e3b\u4e49\u4ee5\u53ca\u6fc0\u8fdb\u4e3b\u4e49\u5c31\u59cb\u7ec8\u4e0d\u61c8\u5730\u653b\u51fb\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5404\u9879\u5236\u5ea6\uff08\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236 \u5ea6\uff09\u8fc7\u4e8e\u62bd\u8c61\uff0c\u65e2\u65e0\u89c6\u4e2a\u4eba\u6216\u96c6\u4f53\uff08\u6c11\u65cf\u3001\u6587\u5316\uff09\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u6027\u548c\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\uff0c\u53c8\u8131\u79bb\u4e86\u4e0e\u5404\u79cd\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u5ff5\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\u548c\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u601d\u6f6e\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u7814\u7a76 \u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u4ee5\u5404\u79cd\u590d\u6742\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u201c\u6279\u5224\u6bcd\u9898\u201d\uff08Hawthorn 1987\uff09\u3002\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u6027\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c3d\u7ba1\u7ecf\u5e38\u53d7\u5230\u5ffd\u89c6\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u4e0d\u65ad\u4ee5\u5404\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u6d6e\u73b0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e00\u76f4\u96be\u4ee5\u7528 \u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u89e3\u51b3\u201c\u62bd\u8c61\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\uff08abstract society\uff091 \u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":242,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[359,1713,64,1016],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-252","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-china","category-in-chinese","category-reading","category-1016"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/guorui\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/252","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/guorui\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/guorui\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/guorui\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/242"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/guorui\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=252"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/guorui\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/252\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/guorui\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=252"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/guorui\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=252"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/guorui\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=252"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}