{"id":33,"date":"2004-05-10T21:32:15","date_gmt":"2004-05-10T21:32:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.law.harvard.edu\/groundtruth\/?p=33"},"modified":"2013-10-13T21:43:26","modified_gmt":"2013-10-13T21:43:26","slug":"citations-are-parentheticals","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/groundtruth\/2004\/05\/10\/citations-are-parentheticals\/","title":{"rendered":"Citations are parentheticals"},"content":{"rendered":"

A citation is not a first-class participant in a sentence; it cannot serve as a noun phrase. Rather it is a parenthetical — that is why it appears in parentheses — and like all parentheticals should be removable without changing the well-formedness of the sentence in which it appears. Thus, the following sentences are ill-formed. (Try reading them without the material in parentheses.)<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. The reader is referred to (Dewey et al., 1756) for further details.<\/li>\n
  2. (Dewey et al., 1756) describes the bizarre climatic conditions of northern South Nordland.<\/li>\n
  3. In (Farmer, 1987), it is shown how to do all of natural-language processing using only excess farm equipment.<\/li>\n
  4. (Farmer, 1987) describes how to do all of natural-language processing using only excess farm equipment.<\/li>\n
  5. Many researchers have followed the research methodology described in (Farmer, 1987) for doing all of natural-language processing using only excess farm equipment.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    The following versions should be used instead:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. The reader is referred to the early work of Dewey et al. (1756) for further details.<\/li>\n
    2. Dewey et al. (1756) describe the bizarre climatic conditions of northern South Nordland.<\/li>\n
    3. Farmer (1987) describes how to do all of natural-language processing using only excess farm equipment.<\/li>\n
    4. Many researchers have followed the research methodology described by Farmer (1987) for doing all of natural-language processing using only excess farm equipment.<\/li>\n
    5. Many researchers have followed a research methodology for doing all of natural-language processing using only excess farm equipment (Farmer, 1987).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      (Note that “Dewey et al.” serves as a plural noun phrase.) The BibTeXfullname<\/tt>\u00a0style file and associated TeX style provide support for generating references like these. They are available with accompanying documentation at URL ftp:\/\/ftp.das.harvard.edu\/pub\/shieber\/fullname\/.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      A citation is not a first-class participant in a sentence; it cannot serve as a noun phrase. Rather it is a parenthetical — that is why it appears in parentheses — and like all parentheticals should be removable without changing … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2110,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1903],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-33","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-writing"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p6ggVW-x","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/groundtruth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/groundtruth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/groundtruth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/groundtruth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2110"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/groundtruth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=33"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/groundtruth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":36,"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/groundtruth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33\/revisions\/36"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/groundtruth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=33"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/groundtruth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=33"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/groundtruth\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=33"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}