{"id":1388,"date":"2013-12-23T14:00:55","date_gmt":"2013-12-23T19:00:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.law.harvard.edu\/environmentallawprogram\/?page_id=1388"},"modified":"2014-09-11T12:52:23","modified_gmt":"2014-09-11T16:52:23","slug":"information-disclosure","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/environmentallawprogram\/information-disclosure\/","title":{"rendered":"Information Disclosure"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>Please visit ELP&#8217;s new website:<\/h1>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/environment.law.harvard.edu\/information-disclosure\/\">http:\/\/environment.law.harvard.edu\/information-disclosure\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong>What Do We Need to Know about Fracking, to Guide Policy Responses?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div>\n<p>Information drives reasoned public debate about the risks of shale gas development, and guides more practical and protective policy responses.<\/p>\n<p>Timely, relevant information also empowers private stakeholders to make shale gas development safer, cleaner, and more protective of workers and communities.\u00a0 Aligning private interests \u2013 the ability to attract institutional investors, lower insurance rates, or secure capital \u2013 with environmental considerations rewards safer practices more effectively than regulation alone.\u00a0 Meanwhile, private sector analysts may spot patterns in the data that help prioritize policy responses.<\/p>\n<p>In the following clip (at 4:05) from a conference hosted by UCLA and the Union of Concerned Scientists, EPI Director Kate Konschnik how information can guide thoughtful policy responses.\u00a0 Here, Kate stresses the need for baseline (pre-drill) testing and ongoing monitoring to evaluate health and environmental impacts of shale gas development.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Science, Democracy, and Community Decisions on Fracking: Forum Summary Video HD (updated)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/dUGx_Qq2lcM?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Policy responses should turn on availability of information.\u00a0 The more that is known about a problem or a solution, the more likely agencies may proceed directly to regulation. Where less is known, agencies may want to collaborate with industry to characterize risk and identify causes. EPI Director Kate Konschnik recently published a <a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.law.harvard.edu\/environmentallawprogram\/epi-publishes-peer-reviewed-article-on-fracking-in-environmental-science-technology\/\">peer-reviewed article<\/a> on this topic with Mark Boling of Southwestern Energy.<\/p>\n<div>\n<h2><strong>New Rules Have Focused on Collecting Chemical Information<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Since 2010, states have moved quickly to draft or update oil and gas laws\u00a0in response\u00a0to the US shale gas boom.\u00a0 This lawmaking frenzy focused early and often on\u00a0the disclosure of chemicals used in the hydraulic fracturing process.<\/p>\n<p><em>History of Chemical Disclosure Laws<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Before the widespread use of high volume hydraulic fracturing to produce natural gas from horizontal shale wells, fracking was used to mine natural gas from coal bed seams.\u00a0 In 1994, the Legal Environmental Assistance Foundation (LEAF) asked the federal EPA to make Alabama apply the Safe Drinking Water Act to coal bed fracking.\u00a0 When EPA sided with Alabama, LEAF sued, and the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ca11.uscourts.gov\/opinions\/ops\/19956501.OPA.pdf\">Eleventh Circuit ruled that the Safe Drinking Water Act applied to fracking<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Following the court\u2019s decision, EPA launched a study of hydraulic fracturing.\u00a0 In 2004, the agency published its\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/water.epa.gov\/type\/groundwater\/uic\/class2\/hydraulicfracturing\/wells_coalbedmethanestudy.cfm\">Evaluation of Impacts to Underground Sources of Drinking Water by Hydraulic Fracturing of Coalbed Methane Reservoirs Study<\/a><em>,\u00a0<\/em>and determined that \u201cthe injection of hydraulic fracturing fluids into coal bed methane wells poses little or no threat to Underground Sources of Drinking Water.\u201d\u00a0 EPA did express concern about the use of diesel in frac fluids, and brokered a\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/safewater\/uic\/pdfs\/moa_uic_hyd-fract.pdf\">voluntary agreement with the three largest gas services companies<\/a>\u00a0to stop this practice. Congress ratified EPA\u2019s non-action in the 2005 Energy Policy Act, when it\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.gpo.gov\/fdsys\/pkg\/PLAW-109publ58\/pdf\/PLAW-109publ58.pdf\">exempted all hydraulic fracturing, except fracturing with diesel, from the Safe Drinking Water Act<\/a>. EPA took no additional steps to regulate fracturing under the Safe Drinking Water Act, until February 2014, when the agency <a href=\"https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/articles\/2014\/02\/12\/2014-02929\/notice-of-availability-of-epa-documents-regarding-implementation-of-the-safe-drinking-water-acts\">issued non-binding guidance<\/a> for states wishing to write <a href=\"http:\/\/water.epa.gov\/type\/groundwater\/uic\/class2\/hydraulicfracturing\/upload\/epa816r14001.pdf\">permits for diesel use<\/a> in fracturing.<\/p>\n<div>\u00a0<span style=\"font-size: 16px\">This exemption means that oil and gas operators do not have to file Underground Injection Control (UIC) permit applications with EPA or the state before fracturing a well.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-size: 16px\" href=\"http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/safewater\/uic\/pdfs\/7520-6.pdf\">UIC applications<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 16px\">\u00a0require operators to report the volume, concentrations, and \u201csource and analysis\u201d of the injection fluid.\u00a0 Following the injection, the operator files a\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-size: 16px\" href=\"http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/ogwdw\/uic\/pdfs\/reportingforms\/7520-10.pdf\">Completion Report<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 16px\">\u00a0that confirms the materials and amounts present in the injected fluid.\u00a0 While states require shale gas well operators to file general drilling applications, in 2005 no state required that application to include a description of the fracturing fluid.<\/span><\/div>\n<p>As shale gas and the practice of hydraulic fracturing expanded, Congress began hearing concerns from constituents.\u00a0 Beginning in 2009, Congressional hearings debated the chemicals used in fracturing, and Members introduced bills in the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.govtrack.us\/congress\/bills\/113\/hr1921\/text\">House<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.govtrack.us\/congress\/bills\/113\/s1135\/text\">Senate<\/a>\u00a0to repeal the Safe Drinking Water Act exemption.\u00a0 In 2010, three Members of Congress launched a broad investigation into the chemical make-up of fracturing fluid.\u00a0 In 2011,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/democrats.energycommerce.house.gov\/index.php?q=news\/waxman-markey-and-degette-investigation-finds-continued-use-of-diesel-in-hydraulic-fracturing-f\">Representatives DeGette, Markey, and Waxman identified<\/a>\u00a0hundreds of chemical compounds being used to fracture shale. Notably, the chemicals included 32 million gallons of diesel compounds, despite the agreement EPA had brokered with industry to ban the use of diesel fifteen years earlier.<\/p>\n<p><em>Chemical Disclosure Begins<\/em><\/p>\n<p>States and industry began to respond.\u00a0 In September 2010,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wsgs.uwyo.edu\/research\/energy\/Oil-Gas\/Drilling-Rules.aspx\">Wyoming became the first state to require disclosure<\/a>\u00a0of chemicals in fracturing fluid.\u00a0 The Ground Water Protection Council and the Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission then launched a website called FracFocus,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/fracfocus.org\/\">http:\/\/fracfocus.org\/<\/a>.\u00a0 In 2011, companies began disclosing fracturing fluid information on this website, on a voluntary basis.<\/p>\n<p>Additional states began writing chemical disclosure requirements.\u00a0 Currently, eighteen states have some form of disclosure law. Of those, twelve direct companies to send the chemical information directly to FracFocus, or provide companies the option of using FracFocus.\u00a0 The Environmental Policy Initiative published\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.law.harvard.edu\/environmentallawprogram\/files\/2013\/04\/4-23-2013-LEGAL-FRACTURES.pdf\">a critique of this website, and suggestions for enhancing disclosure<\/a>, in April 2013.\u00a0 Read here for some of the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.law.harvard.edu\/environmentallawprogram\/in-the-news\/\">press coverage of the report<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><em>Confidential Business Information<\/em><\/p>\n<p>All states allow companies to assert trade secret protections over some chemicals.\u00a0 Most states do not require substantiation of trade secret claims.\u00a0 Nor do most states review those claims for accuracy.\u00a0 FracFocus does not review claims, either.\u00a0 As a result,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.law.harvard.edu\/environmentallawprogram\/files\/2013\/04\/4-23-2013-LEGAL-FRACTURES.pdf\">the database contains numerous examples of inconsistent reporting and trade secret assertions<\/a>. EPI Director, Kate Konschnik, <a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.law.harvard.edu\/environmentallawprogram\/kate-konschnik-testifies-before-doe-task-force\/\">testified<\/a> regarding trade secret assertions before the FracFocus\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/energy.gov\/seab\/secretary-energy-advisory-board\" target=\"_blank\">Task force\u00a0<\/a>of the Secretary of Energy Advisory Board (SEAB) on shale gas information disclosure, and in February 2014, the SEAB issued <a href=\"http:\/\/energy.gov\/sites\/prod\/files\/2014\/03\/f8\/FracFocus%20TF%20Report%20Final%20Draft.pdf\">FracFocus recommendations<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Beefing up procedural requirements and conducting random audits of submissions could limit trade secret assertions and provide the public with a more complete list of the chemicals used, stored, blended, and disposed of in communities.\u00a0 Likewise, chemical disclosure rules can be written to prevent reverse engineering by competitors and so limit the need for trade secrets.\u00a0 For instance,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.occeweb.com\/Rules\/Web%20Ready%20Ch10%20FY14%2007-01-13%20searchable.pdf#page=51\">Oklahoma enables companies to aggregate relative concentrations<\/a>\u00a0(provision 165:10-3-10(b)(1)(H), so that they don\u2019t have to disclose what percentage a chemical makes up of any single product in the fracturing fluid.<\/p>\n<p>EPI has commented on chemical reporting requirements proposed by state agencies, to ensure more complete, accurate public disclosure of this information.\u00a0 For instance, we submitted\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.law.harvard.edu\/environmentallawprogram\/files\/2013\/10\/New-York-HVHF-Comments-1.pdf\">comments on New York\u2019s Supplemental Generic Environmental Impact Statement<\/a>\u00a0 in early 2013.<\/p>\n<div>\n<p>There is no federal hydraulic fracturing chemical disclosure law.\u00a0 However, the federal Bureau of Land Management has proposed requirements, including chemical reporting requirements, for hydraulic fracturing on federal and Tribal lands.\u00a0 On May 24, 2013, the Bureau published a\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.regulations.gov\/#!documentDetail;D=BLM-2013-0002-0011\">Supplemental Notice of Proposed Rulemaking<\/a>.\u00a0 The Bureau received 1,348,450 comments on the Supplemental Notice, including\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.law.harvard.edu\/environmentallawprogram\/files\/2013\/10\/8.23.13-BLM-Supplemental-Notice-Comment.pdf\">comments on the BLM proposal from the Environmental Policy Initiative<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>Information Disclosure Events<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>\n<p>On October 16, 2013, the Environmental Policy Initiative and\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ceres.org\/\">CERES<\/a>\u00a0hosted a panel entitled, \u201cHydraulic Fracturing Disclosure Laws: Are We Getting the Information We Really Need?\u201d EPI Director Kate Konschnik moderated the panel, which featured a Professor of Emergency Medicine, a gas company executive, and risk analysts for the insurance, investor, and lender communities. \u00a0Watch video:<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Hydraulic Fracturing Disclosure Laws: Are We Getting the Information We Really Need?\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/VGm8_NIoGnY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div>\n<p>NOTE:\u00a0 Statements made in this panel were made off the record and should not be attributed to any of the institutions represented by the speakers.<\/p>\n<p>While chemical disclosures are a good start, these lists don\u2019t tell us all we need to know about the risks of shale gas development.\u00a0\u00a0CERES\u00a0has been raising issues about water use for shale gas development in high or extreme water stressed areas.\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"ceres.org\/shalemap \">Some of their work may be found here.<\/a><\/p>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Please visit ELP&#8217;s new website: http:\/\/environment.law.harvard.edu\/information-disclosure\/ &nbsp; &nbsp; What Do We Need to Know about Fracking, to Guide Policy Responses? Information drives reasoned public debate about the risks of shale gas development, and guides more practical and protective policy responses. &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/environmentallawprogram\/information-disclosure\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4638,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1388","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/environmentallawprogram\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1388","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/environmentallawprogram\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/environmentallawprogram\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/environmentallawprogram\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4638"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/environmentallawprogram\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1388"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/environmentallawprogram\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1388\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1958,"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/environmentallawprogram\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1388\/revisions\/1958"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/environmentallawprogram\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1388"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}