{"id":48,"date":"2012-09-16T02:40:35","date_gmt":"2012-09-15T18:40:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.law.harvard.edu\/cguan\/?p=48"},"modified":"2012-09-17T13:50:19","modified_gmt":"2012-09-17T05:50:19","slug":"boston-route-128s-past-and-present-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/cguan\/2012\/09\/16\/boston-route-128s-past-and-present-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Boston Route 128’s Past and Present (2)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Boston Route 128’s Past and Present, Vicissitudes of Political Life<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 “Better the occasional faults of a government that lives in a spirit of charity than the consistent omissions of a government frozen in the ice of its own indifference.” \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u2014\u2014 Franklin D. Roosevelt<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Officialdom can hardly be a long-time lover. \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u2014\u2014 The Scholars<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0If a person were interested in the American public\u2019s opinions about their country\u2019s economic performance, he or she would easily notice their contradictory attitudes toward the role of their government. When the economy is booming, people oftentimes attribute the growth to factors extraneous to the executive power such as entrepreneurship, technological progress or international environment. In times of economic stagnation or recession, they would hold the government accountable for its demotivational or ill-considered measures. All kinds of criticism, accusation and even denouncement would come flooding in from every walk of life. Indeed, it takes not only integrity and sacrifice, but in particular \u201cgood temper\u201d and \u201cmagnanimity\u201d to hold key political posts in America.<\/p>\n

The American people\u2019s “vigilant” and “prudent” attitudes toward the government are reinforced in the mutual fault- picking and derogatory attacks between the Democratic and Republican parties. In fact, the two parties\u2019 divergence with regard to the function and role of the executive branches of the government remain as the touchstone of their fundamental difference. However, their respective positions on the economic policies are not as clear-cut as \u201cinterference\u201d versus \u201claissez-faire\u201d, nor can the specific measures they take simply be labeled as \u201cconservative\u201d or \u201cliberal\u201d, \u201cleft\u201d or \u201cright\u201d. In his 2012 State of Union Address, President Obama made the following statement, with which many well-intentioned politicians may side, \u201cI believe what Republican Abraham Lincoln believed: \u2018That government should do for people only what they cannot do better by themselves, and no more.’\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Ryan and Clinton, whom will the people trust?<\/p>\n

(From http:\/\/www.rollingstone.com\/politics\/blogs\/national-affairs\/one-shockingly-true-fact-from-paul-ryans-rnc-speech-20120830<\/a>\uff1b<\/p>\n

http:\/\/articles.nydailynews.com\/2012-09-06\/news\/33623274_1_democratic-party-jobs-equal-opportunity<\/a>)<\/p>\n

The recently concluded Republican and Democratic National Conventions, while making formal declarations of their respective presidential nominees, also staged a vigorous debate on the assessment of current economic situations and of the present economic policies. Republican vice presidential candidate, Paul Ryan, attributed America\u2019s high unemployment rate and deterioration of credit rating directly to Obama\u2019s incompetence. In his eyes, the president\u2019s promise of \u201cchange\u201d four years ago has delivered nothing but \u201cfear and division\u201d. Obama failed to prioritize job creation on his agenda; instead, he got Americans into \u201ca long, divisive, all-or-nothing attempt to put the federal government in charge of health care\u201d, which not only intensified bi-partisan conflicts but came at the expense of the elderly. Obama\u2019 s best shot at fixing the economy was a costly stimulus plan; however, the $831 billion went to companies like Solyndra, which announced bankruptcy in September 2011, not long after its acceptance of the funding. Indeed Paul saved little face for Obama by so bluntly saying that the president had wasted the feelings, time and money of the American people! In contrast, former president Bill Clinton\u2019s remarks at the Democratic National Convention, at least on the surface, was much more courteous. Yet his rebuttal to all the major criticisms from the Republicans was equally vehement. By reviewing the presidency history of the two parties since 1961, Clinton pointed out with pride that with shorter ruling period, the Democratic presidents had produced more jobs than their Republican counterparts. With specific data, Clinton defended Obama against Ryan\u2019s accusation of hurting the elderly. On the contrary, Clinton held that Obama\u2019s reform would \u201cadd eight years to the life of the Medicare Trust Fund\u201d, extending it from 2016 to 2024. Obama\u2019s policies to support education are, moreover, of strategic importance and far-reaching significance. Drawing on his own experience as president, Clinton encouraged his fellow Americans to give the president a bit more time, because, to quote him, \u201cNo President \u2013 not me or any of my predecessors could have repaired all the damage in just four years.\u201d Both Ryan and Clinton sounded uncompromising and reassuring, but whom can the people trust and whom will they trust?<\/p>\n

Academia certainly would not remain silent, and a warning voice came from Stanford University on the west coast, \u201cAmerican economy faces an uncertain future\u2026the reason for this predicament is clear: we have deviated from the principles of economic freedom upon which America was founded.\u201d If John B. Taylor was echoing his concerns<\/a> with Hayek\u2019s works and ideas in his article \u201cThe Road to Recovery\u201d, he was also emphasizing that as rightly perceived by Hayek, freedom and rule of law are the key to prosperity, policy-makers must adhere to rule of law and predictable policies, for only stable policies can sustain economic growth. \u201d On July 31, 2012, the centennial celebration of Milton Friedman, also held at the Hoover Institution Stanford University, could be seen as a straightforward critique on \u201cbig government\u201d, \u201cgovernmental regulation\u201d and \u201caggressive fiscal policies.\u201d Indeed, the criticisms made decades ago are still astonishingly relevant today!<\/p>\n

After being hit by the most severe economic crisis since the Great Depression in 1930s, Americans today pay unprecedentedly close attention to their domestic economic situation. People have every reason to expect that the \u201ceconomic card\u201d would be the watching focus of this year\u2019s presidential campaign and that economic issues would ultimately determine who becomes the next host of the White House. Against such a complicated backdrop, will there emerge a set of economic policies marked by wisdom, practicality, innovativeness and minimum controversy out of the presidential campaign? \u00a0Perhaps such a wish is hard to gratify.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Two worldly renowned and respected economists and advocates of \u201cfree market\u201d, Milton Friedman and Hayek Friedrich A. von<\/p>\n

With earnest attention and expectation, let us look back on the history of Route 128, and following its rise, decline, resurgence and steady development, recollect the performances of several former governors of Massachusetts from both parties. Through the ups and downs of their political lives, we may be able to gain some valuable insights.<\/p>\n

\uff0a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff0a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff0a<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Michael Dukakis<\/strong> was the man who single-handedly created the \u201cMassachusetts Miracle\u201d and later eye-witnessed its collapse. But Route 128, which was built during his term, has taken its fame thenceforth. Dukakis\u2019s political life had quite a legendary flavor\u2014he lost one election, won a reelection, and fulfilled three terms (1975\uff0d1979\u30011983\uff0d1991), serving the longest as governor in the history of Massachusetts. The \u201cMassachusetts Miracle\u201d enabled him to compete aggressively and favorably with George H. Bush in the beginning, but the sudden turn of fortune made him the closest governor to the White House from Massachusetts. Upon leaving office, he took full professorship at Northeastern University, and visiting professorships at University of California, Los Angeles as well as Loyola Marymount University. A devoted teacher apart, Dukakis has also committed himself to the strategic studies of Democratic election campaigns, and helped Deval L. Patrick win the gubernatorial election in 2006. He has been an \u201cevergreen pinaster\u201d in American politics.<\/p>\n

The Dukakis economic policy took on a bold stroke during his second and third terms. His approach emphasized strong interference from the government and was known as \u201cbig government\u201d and \u201cindustrial policy\u201d in academia. The so-called \u201cindustrial policy\u201d, as opposed to \u201ctechnology policy\u201d, refers to policies that provide direct fiscal and financial support to selected companies in specific industries. With the advance of new technologies and the increase of tax revenues, the aggressive Dukakis aimed at all-encompassing economic measures. The government stepped in to plan a number of industrial parks and went as far as to propose the slogan \u201cif you need help, ask.\u201d These practices invited challenges from the industry and the academia even in his heydays, not to mention more doubts and censure when the economy began to slow down in early 1989. Jeff Jacoby, a journalist from the Boston Globe argued that, \u201cThere never really had been a Massachusetts miracle. The state had\u00a0outperformed most of the nation during the economic boom of the mid-1980s, but not because of any Dukakis wizardry. Its soaring growth had been powered by two engines: Proposition 21\/2, the 1980 property tax cut adopted by ballot initiative that lit a fire under the Massachusetts real estate market; and the Reagan-era military buildup, which pumped hundreds of millions of dollars into Route 128, the high-tech highway ringing Boston\u2026\u201d The \u201cmiracle\u201d argument failed to send Dukakis to the White House; worse still, it was derided by George H. Bush as \u201cMassachusetts Mirage\u201d. Dukakis spent the latter half of his third term in pain and remorse.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0Dukakis, aggressive and upbeat, retreated under the onslaught of Bush senior<\/p>\n

(From http:\/\/www.johnpratt.com\/items\/docs\/lds\/meridian\/2003\/parallel.html<\/a>)<\/p>\n

(From Spokane Chronicle, July 14, 1989)<\/p>\n

Dukakis\u2019s political legacies cover at least four aspects: encouraging and supporting the cooperation of production, study and research; developing public transport system (Dukakis himself takes the subway to work every day); promoting the advance of multi-industries in industrial parks; and championing the Boston urban revival. Dukakis blamed his own faulty strategies for losing the campaign, as he chose not to fight back forcefully George H. Bush\u2019s malicious attacks. Even in the 2011 interview<\/a>, he was still full of self-reproach and regret, saying that his failure to contain Bush senior and the subsequent resurgence of Republicans led by Bush junior had been the root cause for America\u2019s crisis today. Despite its arguable truthfulness, Dukakis deserves our sincere respect for his strong sense of duty.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff0a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff0a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff0a<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong>William Weld<\/strong> was probably one of the most popular governors in the history of Massachusetts. He first took office amidst the state\u2019s turbulent economic times; yet when he sought reelection in 19994, he won with an impressive 71% of the vote. His coming to power as well as his outstanding performance introduced the golden age of Republican governorship in the Commonwealth. \u00a0It lasted for sixteen years until 2007 when Democrat Deval L. Patrick took over.<\/p>\n

The \u201creal miracle\u201d was credited to Weld, who resolved Massachusetts\u2019s fiscal crisis and handled a staggering deficit of 800 million dollars he inherited from Dukakis. The Wall Street Journal and the liberal Cato Institute respectively named him as the \u201cmost courageous\u201d and the best governor in America. He fulfilled the promise he made during his 1991 inaugural speech about \u201ca leaner and more entrepreneurial state government.\u201d When he left office in 1997, the number of state employees was downsized by 15, 000 from that of 1988. It was during his term that the Massachusetts economy as represented by Route 128 gained new life, which took the academia and business world by surprise. While propaganda about the \u201cMassachusetts Miracle\u201d did not survive its namesake book in 1988, scholarly prediction of Massachusetts\u2019s decline failed in a similar manner in 1994. Route 128 must have embarrassed quite a few politicians and economists.<\/p>\n

However, perhaps even to his own surprise, Weld\u2019s political life following Massachusetts was unusually rough. It almost seemed like he had exhausted his good fortune in the Bay state. Soon after ending his governorship, Weld was nominated United States Ambassador to Mexico by President Clinton. Yet he never made his trip, for the Senate simply disregarded the nomination. This was mainly due to opposition from Chairman Jesse Helms of Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, who disapproved Weld for his moderate stance on several social issues. It was also partly attributable to a long-standing grudge Weld generated when he served as U.S. Attorney of Massachusetts. In 2005, Weld officially announced his candidacy for governor of New York in an effort to return to politics. Unfortunately, he was persuaded to withdraw one year later because he had picked the wrong partner, the candidate for lieutenant governor. From then on, Weld resigned himself to the private sector, and occasionally flirted with thriller novels and acting.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

From endorsing Obama to backing Romney, Weld finally returns to the Republican family<\/p>\n

(From http:\/\/www.wbur.org\/2012\/08\/28\/weld-romney-convention<\/a>)<\/p>\n

Maybe Helms, a fellow Republican, did have sufficient reasons to doubt Weld\u2019s political inclination. In the 2008 presidential election, Weld initially supported Romney in the Republican primaries and later endorsed Obama for presidency. The two people he had voted for are both in the final race this year. Who would Weld choose? The suspense was just announced: he formally expressed his backing of Romney at the Republican National Convention! In fact, United States parties do not have hard and fast rules on their members. It is generally a matter of personal choice to decide on whom to vote, and the choice would not affect one\u2019s public image. A once most promising politician in Massachusetts had resort to such means to gain public attention\u2014 what a pity!<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff0a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff0a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff0a<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Mitt Romney<\/strong>\u2019s political path can be described as \u201crocky and bumpy\u201d. After losing the 1994 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts, he \u201cexiled\u201d to Utah where he successfully managed the 2002 Winter Olympics and Paralympics in Salt Lake City.\u00a0 In 2003, he returned to Massachusetts as governor and served one term. His 2003 presidential campaign had a good start, but failed to beat McCain. Since early 2011, he has withstood a variety of challenges and devoted himself to the 2012 election. Will he realize his dream this time at last? The result is to be revealed in a few weeks.<\/p>\n

Romney defeated his democratic opponent and became the 70th<\/sup> governor of Massachusetts in 2003, continuing Republican\u2019s governorship record in the state. There was a bit of luck in it- Romney did not actually attend the primary. Then incumbent female Republican governor, Jane Swift, was plagued with political missteps and personal scandals, and thus opted out of the party\u2019s nomination. Romney, in contrast, was enjoying boosting reputation and popularity thanks to the success of the Salt Lake City Olympics. With the support from both prominent party figures as well as the White House, he was inarguably the best choice for Republican nomination. It is notable that Swift, being the only female governor in the state history, was reported to be pregnant during her campaign. Much controversy as the news invited, it turned out unexpectedly a favorable element for her election. Working mothers loved her! However, the child issue also incurred plenty of criticism. She asked her staff to babysit her daughter, and on one Thanksgiving, she used a police helicopter to fly home to care for her sick child. When these personal matters were exposed, women voters who had supported her went outraged so much so that toward the end of her term, she had \u201cthe dubious honor of a single-digit approval rating.\u201d Ironically, for Swift, both success and failure boil down to \u201cthe child\u201d.<\/p>\n

There was nothing remarkable during Romney\u2019s governorship in the Commonwealth. Confronted with attacks from his predecessor Dukakis and his successor Patrick, Romney intentionally distances himself from Massachusetts. During his term, the state showed weak economic performance and saw a surging unemployment rate. His personal success in business and previous contribution to the Olympics did not bring much benefit to the local economy. Romney\u2019s financial expertise is undeniable, which he maneuvered skillfully to solve Massachusetts\u2019 fiscal problems. Instead of raising taxes, he increased a number of fees. Although he avoided following Dukakis\u2019 steps and kept his inaugural words, criticism raved. Anyways, he was running out of choices to fix the state\u2019s colossal fiscal deficit, and he did manage to balance the book. However it was done, it was done.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0Will the swaying Romney stabilize himself after the official nomination?<\/p>\n

(From http:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/news\/international\/article3843341.ece<\/a>)<\/p>\n

Romney\u2019s greatest political achievement is the Massachusetts healthcare reform. Popularly known as \u201cRomneycare,\u201d it has transcended partisan politics in essence. As Romney himself acknowledged, \u201cThere really wasn’t Republican or Democrat in this. People ask me if this is conservative or liberal, and my answer is yes. It’s liberal in the sense that we’re getting our citizens health insurance. It’s conservative in that we’re not getting a government takeover.\u201d Ironically, Romney was reluctant to claim the credit when Massachusetts celebrated the sixth year anniversary of the reform. Apart from its obvious contribution to improving people\u2019s healthcare standard, the reform has boosted rapid developments in at least two industries\u2014health care and health insurance. Massachusetts has become the global leader in biomedical researches, and the second-time host for the Biotechnology Industry Organization convention since 2007. Renowned European companies flocked in to base themselves in Greater Boston, as a direct result of the successful health care policies. Well-equipped with six years\u2019 rich experiences, two big local insurance companies– Tufts Health Plan and Harvard Pilgrim Healthcare\u2014are planning to explore new markets in other states. However, because of its striking resemblance with Obamacare, Romneycare has to be excluded from Romney\u2019s trump cards, the action itself provoking ridicule and challenges. Is it a shrewd tactics or a miscalculation? Any judgment is too early to pass.<\/p>\n

\uff0a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff0a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \uff0a<\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Needless to say, Massachusetts\u2019s economic performance and industrial development have been closely related to the economic policies of the federal government in different periods. This could be a deserving reward for its active role as a major state and its continuing support for a strong federal government ever since the founding of America. Taking the building of high-tech Route 128 for example, much of the construction was funded by the federal government. The R&D funds of MIT and other scientific institutes came from the defense expenditure and basic research investment. The present governor Patrick, a close follower of Obama, also obtained generous funding for education, science and technological development. In retrospect, the federal government\u2019s timely windfall also explained the two Republican governors\u2019 (Weld and Romney) seemingly effortless solution of the fiscal crises. Yet Massachusetts\u2019s statesmen certainly have greater ambitions than gaining support and benefit for their own state; rather, they aim at a larger stage to showcase their talents.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Aspiring Patrick has been gaining momentum<\/p>\n

(From\u00a0http:\/\/www.bostonglobe.com\/metro\/2012\/09\/04\/deval-patrick-tells-convention-mitt-romney-failed-massachusetts\/o9iVjIOIBx5WNNTPXNsZsL\/story.html)<\/p>\n

Looking at the remorseful Dukakis, disillusioned Weld, undecided Romney, and triumphal Patrick, I was wondering just how far the Beacon Hill is away from the white house. The reflection put me in mind of a chat I had with a middle-aged white businessman in Newton two years ago. He raised a direct challenge about Obama: \u201cHas he (Obama) ever run a government, or a business?\u201d When I answered no, he smiled, \u201c then how on earth can he become a good president?\u201d After a moment\u2019s silence, he added jokingly, \u201cour present mayor (Setti Warren) and governor (Deval Patrick) are both African Americans and they are doing pretty well. Perhaps Obama is just not dark enough.\u201d His vote will definitely go to Romney this year, but the increasingly more conservative Romney has a slim chance in Democrat-dominated Massachusetts. Having always kept a close eye on the presidential election, I could not help thinking: success or failure, what is really at stake for Obama or Romney?<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

How far is it from the gold dome on Beacon Hill to the White House\uff1f<\/p>\n

\u00a0It is fair enough to say that an American political post, be it the president, the governor or the mayor, does not grant much power but is always subject to balances and checks. Such, though, never discourages elites from eagerly going for it when the election season draws close. The competition is extremely fierce. Once the election is over, the winner takes office whereas the loser returns to a peaceful life after congratulating his old rival. They either resign for good or start preparing for the next run. In both scenarios, they would have a proper and decent placement. Although U.S. elections at all levels have been scandalized by \u201cmoney game\u201d and mutual attacks between candidates (on which Obama offered a surprisingly honest reflection in his acceptance speech at the Democratic National Convention: \u201cI know that campaigns can seem small, and even silly.\u00a0 Trivial things become big distractions.\u00a0 Serious issues become sound bites.\u00a0 And the truth gets buried under an avalanche of money and advertising.\u00a0 If you\u2019re sick of hearing me approve this message, believe me \u2013 so am I.\u201d), to contend in campaigns as such means intensity without violence, and to engage in \u201cofficialdom\u201d like this means occasional disappointment but not permanent failure. Politics can become a choice for life– one can advance in full force or retreat with full honor. Triumphs or defeats, which could have made a roller-coaster trajectory of experience for politicians of other countries, are thus becalmed and consoled for the candidates in the United States. It is what I call: a political life filled with ups and downs yet never in lack of ready exits. We can well speculate: Individually, what one pursues has gone far beyond power itself. Is it pride, honor, duty or self-fulfillment? One can hardly know for sure unless being part of it.<\/p>\n

Last weekend, I took my daughters to Gloucester for a folk art event. When driving through the north portion of Route 128, I could not help but think of the several political figures aforementioned. All of a sudden, my elder daughter asked me, \u201cDad, where are we going?\u201d \u201cTo the White House.\u201d I blurted out. Both she and I paused at my response and then laughed out at the same time! \u00a0The hearty and loud laughter lingered long over the 128 highway\u2026<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

References:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Center on Women and Public Policy Case Study Program. \u201cJane Swift: Motherhood in the Massachusetts\u2019 Governor\u2019s Office.\u201d Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota. <http:\/\/www.hhh.umn.edu\/centers\/wpp\/pdf\/case_studies\/jane_swift_motherhood\/janeswift_case.pdf<\/a>.> September 7, 2012.<\/p>\n

Cooper, Michael. \u201cA Candidate\u2019s Sudden Turn from Prospect to Dropout.\u201d June 7, 2006. <http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2006\/06\/07\/nyregion\/07weld.html?_r=1&ref=williamfweld<\/a>>. September 4, 2012.<\/p>\n

Epstein, Jonathan. \u201cDukakis Speaks on Political Climate.\u201d October 11, 2011.\u00a0< http:\/\/www.thejustice.org\/news\/dukakis-speaks-on-political-climate-1.2641138#.UEai-UQ739B<\/a> >. September 5, 2012.<\/p>\n

Gaines, Richard and Michael Segal. Dukakis: the Man Who Would Be President<\/em>. New York: Avon, 1988, c1987.<\/p>\n

Hayek, Friedrich A. von. The Road to Serfdom<\/em>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1944.<\/p>\n

Jacoby, Jeff. \u201cBill Weld\u2019s Revolution that Wasn\u2019t.\u201d City Journal<\/em>. Winter 1996. <http:\/\/www.jeffjacoby.com\/6043\/bill-welds-revolution-that-wasnt<\/a>>. September 4, 2012.<\/p>\n

Kenney, Charles and Robert L. Turner. Dukakis<\/em>: an American Odyssey<\/em>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1988.<\/p>\n

Kilborn, Peter T. “In His State\u2019s Success, Dukakis Seeks His Own.\u201d The New York Times<\/em>. August 5, 1987.<\/p>\n

Kranish, Michael and Scott Helman. The Real Romney.<\/em> New York: Harper, 2012.<\/p>\n

Romney, Mitt. No Apology: the Case for American Greatness. New York: St. Martin\u2019s Press, 2010.<\/p>\n

Saxenian, Annalee. Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128<\/em>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994.<\/p>\n

Senne, Steven. \u201cPalin\u2019s regard for Jane Swift changed in a swift manner.\u201d June 12, 2011.http:\/\/www.boston.com\/news\/politics\/articles\/2011\/06\/12\/palins_regard_for_jane_swift_changed_in_a_swift_manner\/<\/a>. September 9, 2012.<\/p>\n

Taylor, John B. \u201cThe Road to Recovery.\u201d City Journal<\/em>, 22.3. (Summer 2012).\u00a0< http:\/\/www.city-journal.org\/2012\/22_3_friedrich-hayek.html<\/a>>. September 5, 2012.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

A\u00a0Chinese version\u00a0<\/a>of the article can be found at Sina Financial and Economics Blog.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Boston Route 128’s Past and Present, Vicissitudes of Political Life\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 “Better the occasional faults of a government that lives in a spirit of charity than the consistent omissions of a government frozen in the ice of its own indifference.” \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4705,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[96],"tags":[78310,964,417,78311,78340,78306],"class_list":["post-48","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-politics","tag-2012-presidential-election","tag-governor","tag-massachusetts","tag-officialdom","tag-politics","tag-route-128"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/cguan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/48","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/cguan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/cguan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/cguan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4705"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/cguan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=48"}],"version-history":[{"count":28,"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/cguan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/48\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":87,"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/cguan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/48\/revisions\/87"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/cguan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=48"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/cguan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=48"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/archive.blogs.harvard.edu\/cguan\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=48"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}